Skip to main content

Citation searching: a systematic review case study of multiple risk behaviour interventions

Abstract

Background

The value of citation searches as part of the systematic review process is currently unknown. While the major guides to conducting systematic reviews state that citation searching should be carried out in addition to searching bibliographic databases there are still few studies in the literature that support this view. Rather than using a predefined search strategy to retrieve studies, citation searching uses known relevant papers to identify further papers.

Methods

We describe a case study about the effectiveness of using the citation sources Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and OVIDSP MEDLINE to identify records for inclusion in a systematic review.

We used the 40 included studies identified by traditional database searches from one systematic review of interventions for multiple risk behaviours. We searched for each of the included studies in the four citation sources to retrieve the details of all papers that have cited these studies.

We carried out two analyses; the first was to examine the overlap between the four citation sources to identify which citation tool was the most useful; the second was to investigate whether the citation searches identified any relevant records in addition to those retrieved by the original database searches.

Results

The highest number of citations was retrieved from Google Scholar (1680), followed by Scopus (1173), then Web of Science (1095) and lastly OVIDSP (213). To retrieve all the records identified by the citation tracking searching all four resources was required. Google Scholar identified the highest number of unique citations.

The citation tracking identified 9 studies that met the review’s inclusion criteria. Eight of these had already been identified by the traditional databases searches and identified in the screening process while the ninth was not available in any of the databases when the original searches were carried out. It would, however, have been identified by two of the database search strategies if searches had been carried out later.

Conclusions

Based on the results from this investigation, citation searching as a supplementary search method for systematic reviews may not be the best use of valuable time and resources. It would be useful to verify these findings in other reviews.

Peer Review reports

Background

The main guides [14] to conducting literature searches for systematic reviews describe how citation searching can identify relevant papers and suggest that this approach should be carried out in addition to using comprehensive searches of bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE and Embase. There is, however, little evidence that this is an effective way to identify studies for potential inclusion in reviews. In particular, it is still uncertain whether citation searching can be used to identify unique studies not found by database searches or whether citation searching could be used to replace any of the existing database sources.

Citation searching may be hypothesized to be particularly useful to identify papers already retrieved by the searches but missed at the screening process due to an absence of immediate relevance indicated in the bibliographic records.

Systematic reviews traditionally rely upon extensive literature searching using multiple databases to ensure that all relevant studies are identified. It is usual to develop a highly sensitive search strategy to maximise the retrieval of relevant records although information specialists will aim for balance between sensitivity and precision to restrict, as far as possible, the number of irrelevant records retrieved. Even so, there is almost always a high proportion of records that do not meet the review’s inclusion criteria and will be rejected at an early stage of the review process. Additionally, when search results from the different databases are combined there is considerable duplication of records from across databases. When considering new resources or approaches to searching, such as Google Scholar, it is important to evaluate 1) sensitivity and precision of strategies 2) the resource’s potential for identifying unique studies not available in the databases already used and 3) time and cost.

Unlike database searching, citation searching starts with a known key paper, then identifies further potential papers by collecting the references that have cited the original paper. It assumes that if the first paper is relevant then later papers that cite the original paper may also be potentially relevant. In systematic reviews, the “key papers” used to carry out the citation searches will often be the studies that have been identified by the database searches and selected by the reviews team as meeting the inclusion criteria. Consequently, citation searches will need to be carried out after the main literature searching process has taken place.

Citation searching (sometimes called forward citation tracking), reference checking (examining the reference list at the end of a published paper) and contacting experts are all approaches used to identify evidence in addition to database searching [5]. Other techniques, “pearl growing” and “snowballing” where one relevant item is used to obtain others can also be used in systematic reviews [6] although these are not always described in sufficient detail to be able to replicate the steps in the process.

Few studies in the published literature examine the role of citation searching as a method of identifying studies for systematic reviews or describe in detail how and when it should be done. One study [7] audited the sources used in a systematic review of complex evidence i.e. the diffusion of service-level innovations in healthcare organisations. In this analysis, citation tracking using Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI) identified 26 unique studies that constituted 12% of the empirical studies included in the final review. The authors tracked “selected papers” but do not report how many papers were selected for citation tracking or how the selection was made. This approach was considered to be an “important search method” especially as it successfully identified systematic reviews that had been published in less mainstream journals with three reviews not being identified by the usual database searching methods.

Another paper [5] compared the merits of different search techniques in retrieving evidence in the social sciences literature. Citation searching was one of a range of techniques that was evaluated, the others being traditional database searching, reference checking, contact with experts and pearl growing. The case study systematic review was a systematic review of qualitative studies investigating how to enhance the student experience of workplace based e-learning. In this instance the citation tracking tools used were Google Scholar, Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and CINAHL. The citation tracking exercise was carried out after the database searching was performed and the studies had been selected for inclusion. It reports that the 30 included studies identified by the traditional database search produced a total of 75 citations after deduplication from a combination of the four citation sources used. The authors do not report the number of citations retrieved from each of the tracking tools or which of them identified the most citations. 14 of the citations were considered to be potentially relevant with 11 being uniquely identified by the citation searching. Three of these 11 were included in the review.

Although citation searching may identify relevant papers, it is also important to investigate whether the papers identified are unique or whether the additional records simply duplicate papers that have already been retrieved by the original searches. Citation searching represents a significant additional investment of searching effort and could also introduce a delay into the systematic review process so it is important to assess its ability to identify unique material.

The value of citation searching may also be in providing the context of the paper or a more useful insight into a paper’s potential relevance than can be obtained when screening the title and abstract alone.

Although many different citation searching databases are available their relative value has not been extensively evaluated and which citation searching database provides the most references is still unknown. Several studies have focused on investigating the performance of Google Scholar’s citation tracking feature as compared with similar features offered by other established resources such as Scopus and Web of Science. One study [8] took a sample of 30 publications written by nursing academics and compared how often they were cited by other publications according to CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The results of the investigation showed that the different databases found both unique citations and duplicated references. Another study [9], compared citation counts for articles from two topic areas (oncology and condensed matter physics) in two different years. Their findings showed that each of the tools identified unique material but the performance of each depended upon the topic and the subject year. Consequently, researchers who wish to have a comprehensive picture of their research impact would need to use more than one citation tracking tool.

To date, there is limited research on the value of citation searching for systematic reviews and, while some studies have investigated the coverage of Google Scholar, no consensus has been reached.

The objectives of this study are to investigate (1) the overlap between the four citation sources to identify which citation tool, or combination of tools, is the most useful to use and (2) whether citation searching identified any relevant records in addition to those retrieved by the original database searches.

The case study is based on a scoping review evaluating any intervention targeting change in at least two risk behaviours (e.g. smoking, alcohol misuse, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, illicit drug use, sexual risk behaviour, lack of seat belt use, lack of motorcycle/bicycle helmet use, lack of sunscreen use, gambling, poor oral hygiene and drink driving). The full search strategies are available in the Additional file 1 and the published report, A scoping review of multiple risk behaviour interventions, will be available on the Public Health Research Consortium website http://phrc.lshtm.ac.uk/project_2011-2016_002.html.

The literature searches for the project were developed using MEDLINE via OVIDSP and subsequently translated for use with the other databases. The MEDLINE search strategy was complex and lengthy – 254 lines in total. One section of the search strategy used synonyms and variants of “multiple risk behaviours” and “lifestyle modifications” to identify relevant studies. An earlier project, A systematic review on the clustering and co-occurrence of multiple risk behaviours in the UK, that will also be available from the PHRC website had, however, identified that this approach was inadequate to identify all potentially relevant studies so the search strategy also included search terms for specific named behaviours such as alcohol misuse, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and so forth. To retrieve studies that referred to two or more of these risk behaviours the search terms were initially combined using the Boolean AND operator (smoking AND physical activity; smoking AND unhealthy diet; smoking AND illegal drug use etc.) with the resulting search sets being then combined using the Boolean OR. The search strategy also included filters to restrict the results to various study designs e.g. trial, evaluation study, before and after studies and interrupted time series and also to various types of setting e.g. workplaces, communities. This approach was replicated for the search strategies used in the Embase and PsycINFO databases. For ASSIA, CENTRAL and Science Citation Index, however, it was difficult to construct comparable search strategies because of differences in the database search interfaces. Consequently, for these three databases, the search strategy consisted solely of search terms for “multiple risk behaviours” and “interventions, programmes” and “change”.

The searches identified 21,835 records after deduplication for sifting by the project’s review team.

Methods

We carried out two analyses; the first examined the overlap between the four citation sources to identify which citation tool, or combination of citation tools, was the most useful to use and the second investigated whether the citation searches had identified any relevant records, particularly in addition to those retrieved by the original database searches.

We used the 40 included studies [1049] identified by the traditional database searching from the case study scoping review of interventions for multiple risk behaviours and searched for each of them in the four citation sources of interest – Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) citation searches and OVIDSP MEDLINE. We retrieved the details of all the papers that cited the studies, and downloaded the citations into bibliographic software.

Two researchers (KW and SG) then grouped records to enable identification of records available from all four resources, from three of the resources, from two of the resources, and unique records in order to assess the comparative value of the citation sources.

For the second analysis we compared the performance of the citation tracking sources, singly and in combination, with the performance of the database search strategies in order to assess the value of citation searching in the systematic review process. We imported the 1789 records identified from the citation searching into another Endnote library and recorded our inclusion/exclusion decisions.

Before scanning the citation tracking records for potential included studies we had planned to remove any records already identified by the database searching. However, many of the records downloaded from the citation resources were of much poorer quality than the bibliographic records downloaded from databases. Some very brief records consisted of authors’ names and short title only e.g. “phase one”, “Panel 6”, “letters” and so on. We were uncertain whether the automated deduplication processes using variants of the deduplicating algorithm within the bibliographic software would reliably identify duplicates. Consequently, we decided that, rather than attempt to deduplicate the whole set of records, we would restrict the deduplication to the smaller number of potentially included records. Consequently, the deduplication took place much later in the process than would usually be the case in the systematic reviews process.

Two researchers (KW and RL-R) scanned the 1789 records to assess whether or not they met the inclusion criteria for the review. The records were initially coded as 1 = Yes, 2 = No, 3 = Maybe, 4 = not enough information. There were 99 category 4 records: of these, some did not include an abstract, others were in a language other than English, or the downloaded record was incomplete. Where possible, we did further searching to identify additional information that would allow us to make a decision about the record’s potential inclusion. Although the amount of time required to find this additional information was significant, it did reduce the number of these records from 99 to 15. After the initial sift, 61 of the 1789 records (53 category 1 records and 8 category 3 records) were considered to be potential included studies.

Deduplicating the 61 records against the records already identified by the database searches identified 35 of the records as duplicates of the original search results and these were then excluded from the process. The remaining 26 records were then considered for inclusion in the review by a second team of researchers.

We used 1) the total number of included studies (40) and 2) the total number of records retrieved per database/citation tracking resource and 3) the number of included studies retrieved per database/citation tracking resource, to calculate the sensitivity, precision and number needed to read (NNR) for each of the database search strategies, for each of the citation tracking resources and for the citation tracking resources combined.

Sensitivity % is calculated using the following formula:

Number of included records retrieved Total number of included records × 100

Sensitivity indicates the ability of the strategy to retrieve relevant records and, for a systematic review, a high level of sensitivity is required to ensure as few potentially relevant records as possible are missed. Conversely, search strategies with a lower sensitivity will miss a high proportion of relevant articles.

The precision values for the search strategies were calculated using the following formula:

Number of included records retrieved Total number of records retrieved × 100

The number needed to read (NNR) is a measure of how many papers in the set need to be read before one relevant paper is identified. It was calculated using the following formula:

Total number of records retrieved Number of included records retrieved

or the inverse of precision.

Results

Citation tracking resources

The total number of records identified from all citation sources was 4161 and after deduplicating there were 1789 records. Google Scholar identified the greatest number of citations - 1680, followed by Scopus at 1173, Web of Science at 1095, and OVIDSP MEDLINE at 213 (Table 1).

Table 1 Records identified by each of the 4 citation resources

The highest number of unique records were identified by Google Scholar (558) followed by Scopus (71), Web of Science (WoS) (68) and OVIDSP MEDLINE (5). Each of the resources did, therefore, contribute some unique records to the total number of citation records: Scopus (3.96%), Web of Science (3.8%) OVIDSP MEDLINE (0.27%) (Table 2).

Table 2 Best retrieval rate using 2 of the 4 citation resources

The highest number of records retrieved from just 3 sources would have been from using Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science (1784 records). If only two sources could be searched, the highest retrieval rate would be achieved from using Google Scholar and Scopus (1716). A small number of records (150) were common to all 4 of the resources with the majority of the records being available in more than one resource (Table 3).

Table 3 Best retrieval rate using 3 of the 4 citation resources

Carrying out the citation searching added approximately 5 days of time to the overall project. Approximately 2 days were spent in downloading the 1680 records from Google Scholar, one day in downloading records from the other 3 resources and a further two days in screening all the citation records.

Performance of database searching compared with citation tracking

The database searches of ASSIA, CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Science Citation Index (SCI) identified 36,393 records (21,835 after deduplication) and 40 of these were selected for inclusion in the review. The highest sensitivity was achieved in MEDLINE 75% (30), followed by 62.5% (25) Embase, then 52.5% (21) in PsycINFO. The sensitivity of the other database searches was low - the lowest being ASSIA with 10% (4).

The precision values for the database searches were also low ranging from 0.17% for Science Citation Index (SCI) to 10.04% for CENTRAL. The NNR was particularly high for Science Citation Index (587) and Embase (527) while the NNRs for MEDLINE, PsycINFO and ASSIA were broadly similar (276,261 and 220). The lowest NNR was CENTRAL (96).

We calculated the precision and sensitivity of the citation tracking after deduplication. For Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science the sensitivity of the citation tracking was 20% while the sensitivity of OVIDSP MEDLINE’s citation tracking was much lower at 5%. Combining the results for all four citation sources gave a measure of sensitivity of 22.5%. The precision of the citation tracking was low for all the sources used ranging from 0.48% (Google Scholar) to 0.94% (OVIDSP MEDLINE). The overall precision of the citation searches was 0.5%. The NNR for Google Scholar was 210, with 147 and 137 for Scopus and Web of Science.

The full range of performance measures for both the databases and the citation tracking resources is presented in Table 4.

Table 4 Records identified by each of the bibliographic databases and citation tracking resources

Unique studies identified by the citation tracking

The initial sift of the 1789 citation tracking records produced 26 potentially new studies after deduplication. From these, one additional study [50] was selected for inclusion in the scoping review that had not been identified by the traditional database searches of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index, ASSIA and CENTRAL undertaken during the period 15th January to 18th January 2013.

We carried out further checks to confirm 1) whether the record was available in each of the original databases used, and 2) whether it would have been available when the original searches had been undertaken. We discovered that a record for the paper [50] was not available in ASSIA, CENTRAL, MEDLINE (OVIDSP), or PsycINFO on the date of the check (15th November 2013). The record was available in Embase having been added on 5th August 2013. While the record was available in the SCI database when checked we were unable to find out the entry date as this information is not provided by the database producer. The additional study would have been identified in both Embase and SCI databases by searches carried out at a later date.

Discussion

To identify all the records in the citation set required a search for the included studies using all four citation resources.

The highest number of unique citations was identified by Google Scholar, followed by Scopus, then Web of Science. If only one of the citation tracking resources were available for use, Google Scholar would identify 93.9% (1680) of the records; if two were available then using Google Scholar plus Scopus would be the most fruitful (95.92%, 1716 records). Using 3 of the resources (Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) could identify a high percentage 99.7% (1784) of the total citations.

The citation feature of MEDLINE (OVIDSP) did identify one of the included studies that none of the other citation tracking resources retrieved. The coverage of MEDLINE (OVIDSP)’s citation feature is restricted to those 3,000 plus journals that are included in the journals@Ovid database of full text journals available from OVID.The analysis demonstrates the relatively higher number of citations available from Google Scholar and the potential value of Google Scholar for citation tracking, especially as it is a freely available resource unlike the subscription only products Scopus and Science Citation Index (SCI). References from websites and grey literature included in Google Scholar can, however, be poor quality with consequent limited value. In addition, Google Scholar doesn’t have the facility to easily and quickly download records into bibliographic software so can add to the time required. Routinely incorporating citation searching using any of the available products into the systematic review process would add to the overall time required as this process can only be conducted after the database searches have been carried out and the included studies identified. Using Google Scholar significantly increased the time spent in downloading records as there is no batch export facility so each of the 1680 records had to be downloaded individually. This is a barrier to routinely using Google Scholar to carry out citation searching. Other citation resources with more sophisticated features are currently easier and quicker to use.

The second analysis focused on whether the citation search results identified any further relevant records in addition to those retrieved by the original database searches. The sensitivity of the database searches carried out for this scoping review, ranging from 10% to 75% was low when compared with the usual sensitivity values for searches carried out for systematic reviews. The highest sensitivity values achieved were MEDLINE at 75% and EMBASE at 62.5% while the search strategy used for ASSIA had the lowest value at 10%. It is worth noting that, while all 40 of the included studies were available in Science Citation Index (SCI), the search strategy only identified 12 of them. The very low sensitivity values for ASSIA, CENTRAL and Science Citation Index (SCI) could be attributed to the use of the abridged search strategy as well as the difficulty of the search topic i.e. evaluations of interventions targeting change in at least two risk behaviours.

The overall sensitivity value of the citation searching was 22.5%, with three of the resources (Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science) having identical sensitivity values of 20%. The overall precision value of the citation searches (0.5%) was higher than that of the majority of the databases searches. The performance of the Google Scholar citation searches in terms of the Number Needed to Read was broadly similar to that of some of the databases. The NNR for Google Scholar was 210 compared with 276 for MEDLINE, 261 for PsycINFO and 220 for ASSIA.

Combining citation searching with a search of just one database would have slightly increased the number of included studies identified. Using citation searching and MEDLINE would have identified 80% (32) of the included studies while using citation searching in addition to EMBASE would have identified 28 of the 40 included studies.

Citation tracking seems to perform well when measured using the NNR but it did identify only 9 of the 40 studies that met the review’s inclusion criteria. Eight of these had already been identified by the traditional databases searches while the ninth was not available in any of the databases when the original searches were carried out. It would, however, have been identified by two of the database search strategies if searches had been carried out at a later date.

Limitations of this study

In terms of searching, the scoping review had very broad coverage. Its aim was to identify any intervention promoting change in at least two risk behaviours and the search strategy incorporated terms for all of these (smoking, alcohol misuse, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, illicit drug use, sexual risk behaviour, lack of seat belt use, lack of motorcycle/bicycle helmet use, lack of sunscreen use, gambling, poor oral hygiene and drink driving) in various set combinations. The resulting complexity will almost certainly have had an impact upon the overall performance of the database search strategies. As with any case study, there is uncertainty about how far the results of this study can be generalised, especially to other reviews with a more restrictive focus.

Conclusion

Google Scholar performed well in terms of the numbers of citations retrieved, and the number of unique citations retrieved. For this case study scoping review, the citation searches of Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus and OVIDSP MEDLINE identified one additional study for inclusion in the review that had not been identified by searching bibliographic databases. On the other hand, the citation searches only identified 9 of the studies that had been identified by the traditional database searching. Based on the results from this investigation, it seems that citation searching, as a supplementary search method for systematic reviews, may not be the best use of valuable time and resources.

References

  1. Higgins J, Green S: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. 2011, The Cochrane Collaboration, Available from: http://www.cochrane-handbook.org

    Google Scholar 

  2. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination: Systematic Reviews: CRD’s Guidance for Undertaking Systematic Reviews in Health Care. 2009, York: University of York. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Available from: http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/index_guidance.htm

    Google Scholar 

  3. Institute of Medicine: Finding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews. 2011, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hammerstrøm K, Wade A, Jørgensen A-MK: Searching for studies: a guide to information retrieval for Campbell Systematic Reviews. 2010, Available from: http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/resources/research/new_information_retrieval_guide.php

    Google Scholar 

  5. Papaionnou D, Sutton A, Carroll C, Booth A, Wong R: Literature searching for social science systematic reviews: consideration of a range of search techniques. Health Info Libr J. 2009, 27: 114-122. 10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00863.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. HLWIKI International: Snowballing. [cited 2014 2nd April]. Available from: http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/index.php/Snowballing#Last_Update

  7. Greenhalgh T, Peacock R: Effectiveness and effciency of search methods in systematic reviews of complex evidence: audit of primary sources. BMJ. 2005, 331: 1064-1065. 10.1136/bmj.38636.593461.68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. De Groote SL, Raszewski R: Coverage of Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science: a case study of the h-index in nursing. Nurs Outlook. 2012, 60: 391-400. 10.1016/j.outlook.2012.04.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bakkalbasi N, Bauer K, Glover J, Wang L: Three options for citation tracking: Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. Biomed Digit Libr [Electronic Resource]. 2006, 3: 7-10.1186/1742-5581-3-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Aldana SG, Greenlaw RL, Diehl HA, Salberg A, Merrill RM, Ohmine S, Thomas C: The behavioral and clinical effects of therapeutic lifestyle change on middle-aged adults. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006, 3: A05-

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Braithwaite RL, Stephens TT, Treadwell HM, Braithwaite K, Conerly R: Short-term impact of an HIV risk reduction intervention for soon-to-be released inmates in Georgia. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2005, 16: 130-139. 10.1353/hpu.2005.0078.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Burke L, Lee A, Jancey J, Xiang L, Kerr D, Howat P, Hills A, Anderson A: Physical activity and nutrition behavioural outcomes of a home-based intervention program for seniors : a randomized controlled trial.International. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013, 10:

    Google Scholar 

  13. Burton LC, Paglia MJ, German PS, Shapiro S, Damiano AM: The effect among older persons of a general preventive visit on three health behaviors: smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, and sedentary lifestyle. Prev Med. 1995, 24: 492-497. 10.1006/pmed.1995.1078.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Campbell MK, James A, Hudson MA, Carr C, Jackson E, Oakes V, Demissie S, Farrell D, Tessaro I: Improving multiple behaviors for colorectal cancer prevention among African American church members. Health Psychol. 2004, 23: 492-502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. de Vries H, Kremers SPJ, Smeets T, Brug J, Eijmael K: The effectiveness of tailored feedback and action plans in an intervention addressing multiple health behaviors. Am J Health Promot. 2008, 22: 417-425. 10.4278/ajhp.22.6.417.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Emmons KM, Stoddard AM, Fletcher R, Gutheil C, Suarez EG, Lobb R, Weeks J, Bigby JA: Cancer prevention among working class, multiethnic adults: results of the healthy directions-health centers study. Am J Public Health. 2005, 95: 1200-1201. 10.2105/AJPH.2004.038695.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Franko DL, Cousineau TM, Trant M, Green TC, Rancourt D, Thompson D, Ainscough J, Mintz LB, Ciccazzo M: Motivation, self-efficacy, physical activity and nutrition in college students: randomized controlled trial of an internet-based education program. Prev Med. 2008, 47: 369-377. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.06.013.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Greene GW, White AA, Hoerr SL, Lohse B, Schembre SM, Riebe D, Patterson J, Kattelmann KK, Shoff S, Horacek T: Impact of an online healthful eating and physical activity program for college students. Am J Health Promot. 2012, 27: e47-e58. 10.4278/ajhp.110606-QUAN-239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hillier FC, Batterham AM, Nixon CA, Crayton AM, Pedley CL, Summerbell CD: A community-based health promotion intervention using brief negotiation techniques and a pledge on dietary intake, physical activity levels and weight outcomes: lessons learnt from an exploratory trial. Public Health Nutr. 2012, 15: 1446-1455. 10.1017/S1368980011002862.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hui A, Back L, Ludwig S, Gardiner P, Sevenhuysen G, Dean H, Sellers E, McGavock M, Morris SB: Lifestyle intervention on diet and exercise reduced excessive gestational weight gain in pregnant women under a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2012, 119: 70-77. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03184.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Imperial Cancer Research Fund OXCHECK Study Group: Effectiveness of health checks conducted by nurses in primary care: final results of the OXCHECK study. BMJ. 1995, 310: 1099-

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Jacobs N, Clays E, De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Dendale P, Thijs H, de Bourdeaudhuij I, Claes N: Effect of a tailored behavior change program on a composite lifestyle change score: a randomized controlled trial. Health Educ Res. 2011, 26: 886-895. 10.1093/her/cyr046.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Keyserling TC, Samuel Hodge CD, Jilcott SB, Johnston LF, Garcia BA, Gizlice Z, Gross MD, Savinon CE, Bangdiwala SI, Will JC: Randomized trial of a clinic-based, community-supported, lifestyle intervention to improve physical activity and diet: the North Carolina enhanced WISEWOMAN project. Prev Med. 2008, 46: 499-510. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kreuter MW, Strecher VJ: Do tailored behavior change messages enhance the effectiveness of health risk appraisal? Results from a randomized trial. Health Educ Res. 1996, 11: 97-105. 10.1093/her/11.1.97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kypri K, McAnally HM: Randomized controlled trial of a web-based primary care intervention for multiple health risk behaviors. Prev Med. 2005, 41: 761-766. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.07.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lachausse RG: My student body: effects of an internet-based prevention program to decrease obesity among college students. J Am Coll Health. 2012, 60: 324-330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Leigh JP, Richardson N, Beck R, Kerr C, Harrington H, Parcell CL, Fries JF: Randomized controlled study of a retiree health promotion program. The Bank of American Study. Arch Intern Med. 1992, 152: 1201-1206. 10.1001/archinte.1992.00400180067010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lombard CA, Deeks AD, Jolley D, Teede HJ: Preventing weight gain: the baseline weight related behaviors and delivery of a randomized controlled intervention in community based women. BMC Public Health. 2009, 9:

    Google Scholar 

  29. McCambridge J, Hunt C, Jenkins RJ, Strang J: Cluster randomised trial of the effectiveness of motivational interviewing for universal prevention. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011, 114: 177-184.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Oenema A, Brug J, Dijkstra A, de Weerdt I, de Vries H: Efficacy and use of an internet-delivered computer-tailored lifestyle intervention, targeting saturated fat intake, physical activity and smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med. 2008, 35: 125-135. 10.1007/s12160-008-9023-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Campo Osaba MA: Actividad comunitaria de promocion de la salud: resultados de un ensayo clinicoIn V Premios Steve. Unidos por la Atencion al Paciente. Barcelona (Spain). Ediciones Mayo. 2013, 54-63. http://www.esteve.es/EsteveArchivos/premiosesteve/2012/entrega/index.html#/94/,

    Google Scholar 

  32. Parekh S, Vandelanotte C, King D, Boyle FM: Improving diet, physical activity and other lifestyle behaviours using computer-tailored advice in general practice: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012, 9: 108-10.1186/1479-5868-9-108.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Peragallo N, Gonzalez-Guarda RM, McCabe BE, Cianelli R: The efficacy of an HIV risk reduction intervention for Hispanic women. AIDS Behav. 2012, 16: 1316-1326. 10.1007/s10461-011-0052-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Ruffin MT, Nease JDE, Sen A, Pace WD, Wang C, Acheson LS, Rubenstein WS, O’Neill S, Gramling RG: Effect of preventive messages tailored to family history on health behaviors: the Family Healthware Impact Trial. Ann Fam Med. 2011, 9: 3-11. 10.1370/afm.1197.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Salamone LM, Cauley JA, Black DM, Simkin-Silverman L, Lang W, Gregg E, Palermo L, Epstein RS, Kuller LH, Wing R: Effect of a lifestyle intervention on bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999, 70: 97-103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sikkema KJ, Winett RA, Lombard DN: Development and evaluation of an HIV-risk reduction program for female college students. AIDS Educ Prev. 1995, 7: 145-159.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Simkin-Silverman LR, Wing RR, Boraz MA, Meilahn EN, Kuller LH: Maintenance of cardiovascular risk factor changes among middle-aged women in a lifestyle intervention trial. Womens Health. 1998, 4: 255-271.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Spring B, Schneider K, McFadden G, Vaughn J, Kozak AT, Smith M, Moller AC, Epstein LH, DeMott A, Hedeker D: Multiple behavior changes in diet and activity a randomized controlled trial using mobile technology. Arch Intern Med. 2012, 172: 789-796.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Staten LK, Gregory-Mercado KY, Ranger-Moore J, Will JC, Giuliano AR, Ford ES, Marshall J: Provider counseling, health education, and community health workers: the Arizona WISEWOMAN project. J Womens Health. 2004, 13: 547-556. 10.1089/1540999041281133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Ulla Diez SM, Fortis AP, Franco SF: Efficacy of a health-promotion intervention for college students: a randomized controlled trial. Nurs Res. 2012, 61: 121-132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ussher M, West R, McEwen A, Taylor A, Steptoe A: Efficacy of exercise counselling as an aid for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2003, 98: 523-532. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00346.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. van Assema P, Steenbakkers M, Kok G, Eriksen M: Results of the Dutch Community Project “Healthy Bergeyk”. Prev Med. 1994, 23: 394-401. 10.1006/pmed.1994.1054.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. van Keulen HM, Mesters I, Ausems M, van Breukelen G, Campbell M, Resnicow K, Brug J, de Vries H: Tailored print communication and telephone motivational interviewing are equally successful in improving multiple lifestyle behaviors in a randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med. 2011, 41: 104-118. 10.1007/s12160-010-9231-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Vandelanotte C, Reeves MM, Brug J, De Bourdeaudhuij I: A randomized trial of sequential and simultaneous multiple behavior change interventions for physical activity and fat intake. Prev Med. 2008, 46: 232-237. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.07.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Weisman CS, Hillemeier MM, Symons Downs D, Feinberg ME, Chuang CH, Botti J, Dyer A-M: Improving women’s preconceptional health: long-term effects of the Strong Healthy Women Behavior Change Intervention in the Central Pennsylvania Women’s Health Study. Womens Health Issues. 2011, 21: 265-271. 10.1016/j.whi.2011.03.007.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Werch CE, Moore MJ, Bian H, DiClemente CC, Huang IC, Ames SC, Thombs D, Weiler RM, Pokorny SB: Are effects from a brief multiple behavior intervention for college students sustained over time?. Prev Med. 2010, 50: 30-34. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.12.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wilcox S, Parrott A, Baruth M: The faith, activity and nutrition program: a randomized controlled trial in African-American churches. Am J Prev Med. 2013, 44: 122-131. 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.062.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wilkinson SA, McIntyre HD: Evaluation of the ‘healthy start to pregnancy’ early antenatal health promotion workshop: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012, 12: 131-10.1186/1471-2393-12-131.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Zhou B, Chen K, Yu Y, Wang H, Zhang S, Zheng W: Individualized health intervention: behavioral change and quality of life in an older rural Chinese population. Educ Gerontol. 2010, 36: 919-939. 10.1080/03601271003689514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Rauh K, Gabriel E, Kerschbaum E, Schuster T, von Kries R, Amann-Gassner U: Safety and efficacy of a lifestyle intervention for pregnant women to prevent excessive maternal weight gain: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013, 13: 151-10.1186/1471-2393-13-151.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pre-publication history

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Lisa Stirk who helped us download records from Google Scholar and Nick Meader who second checked our inclusion decisions.

Funding

The work presented here was undertaken independently by the authors. The scoping review used in the case study was undertaken by the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination as part of the Public Health Research Consortium. The Public Health Research Consortium is funded by the Department of Health Policy Research Programme. The views expressed in this poster are those of the authors alone and not those of CRD, the PHRC or the DH.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kath Wright.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

KW conceived of the study, participated in the analysis, wrote the first and subsequent drafts of the manuscript. SG participated in the analysis; contributed to subsequent drafts of the manuscript and commented on the final version of the manuscript. RR-L participated in the analysis and commented on the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wright, K., Golder, S. & Rodriguez-Lopez, R. Citation searching: a systematic review case study of multiple risk behaviour interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol 14, 73 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-73

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-73

Keywords