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Table 2 Measurement and structural invariance across gender at cycle 1 Pooled sample (n = 13019)

From: A life-course and time perspective on the construct validity of psychological distress in women and men. Measurement invariance of the K6 across gender

Level of invariance

X2

df

p value

CFI

TLI

RMSEA

Δχ2

dfc

p value

Measurement invariance

     

   M1. Configural

123.7

14

< .0001

0.993

0.993

0.035

N/A

   M2. Metric (vs. M1)

100.1

16

< .0001

0.995

0.996

0.028

13.3

5

0.0206

   M3. Tau equivalence (vs. M2)

1783.0

20

< .0001

0.894

0.926

0.116

1495.8

5

< .0001

   M4. Scalar - Complete (vs. M2)

111.28

24

< .0001

0.995

0.997

0.024

25.9

11

0.0066

   M5. Scalar - Partial a (vs. M2)

98.7

22

< .0001

0.995

0.997

0.023

9.6

8

0.2969

   M6. Scale factor - Partialb (vs. M5)

91.8

23

< .0001

0.996

0.997

0.021

8.9

9

0.4478

Structural invariance

     

   M7. Latent variance (vs. M6)

59.9

17

< .0001

0.997

0.998

0.020

0.3

1

0.6083

   M8. Latent means (vs. M7)

193.9

15

< .0001

0.989

0.99

0.043

83.2

2

< .0001

  1. a The constraint of equal item threshold was relaxed for item A (so sad nothing could cheer you up) and item C (restless or fidgety).
  2. b Complete invariance of the scale factors could not be investigated since items A and C had to be unconstrained in the preceding model (i.e., scalar invariance model). No additional items were freed to reach partial scale factor invariance.
  3. c The degrees of freedom for the chi-square tests are adjusted for the WLSMV estimator and do not correspond to difference of degrees of freedom between the more constrained and the less constrained model.