A life-course and time perspective on the construct validity of psychological distress in women and men. Measurement invariance of the K6 across gender

Table 5 Measurement and structural invariance across gender at cycle 1 Seniors (65 years old and over; n = 2525)

Level of invariance	X² df p value	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	Δχ² df^c p value
Measurement invariance
M1. Configural	35.8 14 < .0001	0.994	0.994	0.035	N/A
M2. Metric (vs. M1)	22.9 15 < .0001	0.998	0.998	0.020	0.634 5 0.9864
M3. Tau equivalence (vs. M2)	249.1 19 < .0001	0.934	0.955	0.098	207.3 5 < .0001
M4. Scalar - Complete (vs. M2)	60.8 23 < .0001	0.989	0.994	0.036	54.6 12 < .0001
M5. Scalar - Partial ^a (vs. M2)	32.7 20 < .0001	0.996	0.998	0.022	20.9 9 0.0132
M6. Scale factor - Partial^b (vs. M5)	41.3 22 < .0001	0.994	0.997	0.026	22.9 10 0.0112
Structural invariance
M7. Latent variance (vs. M6)	26.6 16 < .0001	0.997	0.998	0.023	0.324 1 0.5691
M8. Latent means (vs. M7)	88.4 15 < .0001	0.979	0.982	0.062	36.7 2 < .0001

^a The constraint of equal item threshold was relaxed for item C (restless or fidgety) and item D (hopeless).
^b Complete invariance of the scale factors could not be investigated since items C and D had to be unconstrained in the preceding models (i.e., metric or scalar invariance model). No additional items were freed to reach partial scale factor invariance.
^c The degrees of freedom for the chi-square tests are adjusted for the WLSMV estimator and do not correspond to difference of degrees of freedom between the more constrained and the less constrained model.

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