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Table 3 Case-series analysis for 4 year observation period

From: A self-controlled case series to assess the effectiveness of beta blockers for heart failure in reducing hospitalisations in the elderly

Risk Periods

Number of Hospitalisations

Person-Years

Adjusted age and study month only RR(95% CI)

Adjusted* RR(95% CI)

Baseline unexposed Period

Unexposed

13541

34944

1.00 (1.00 - 1.00)

1.00 (1.00 - 1.00)

Pre-exposure to a beta blocker for heart failure

6-8 weeks

137

147

2.22 (2.00 - 2.45)

2.24 (2.02 - 2.48)

4-6 weeks

237

148

3.79 (3.50 - 4.11)

3.82 (3.52 - 4.14)

2-4 weeks

380

149

5.93 (5.54 - 6.34)

5.92 (5.54 - 6.34)

1 day-2 weeks

872

150

13.04 (12.38 - 13.73)

12.95 (12.29 - 13.63)

Post-exposure to a beta blocker for heart failure

1 day-2 weeks

190

149

2.75 (2.52 - 3.01)

2.74 (2.51 - 3.00)

2-4 weeks

156

145

2.27 (2.06 - 2.50)

2.27 (2.06 - 2.50)

1-4 months

488

734

1.71 (1.61 - 1.82)

1.68 (1.58 - 1.79)

4-8 months

322

685

1.21 (1.12 - 1.30)

1.18 (1.10 - 1.27)

8-12 months

212

535

0.93 (0.85 - 1.02)

0.90 (0.82 - 0.98)

>12 months

458

1358

0.65 (0.60 - 0.70)

0.61 (0.57 - 0.66)

  1. *Adjusted for age at heart failure hospitalisation[8], study month and time-varying covariates which were assessed quarterly; co-morbidities using the Australian adaption of Rx-Risk-V[19], number of prescribers, admission into aged care and prescription of frusemide, ACE/A2RB, digoxin and aldosterone antagonists