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Table 1 Enumeration of 4 response types for exposure E and corresponding potential outcomes

From: A counterfactual approach to bias and effect modification in terms of response types

Etype

Potential outcomes of E

E T( ω)

E c ( ω)

 

E 1( ω)

E 0( ω)

1

1

1

2

1

0

3 a

0

1

4

0

0

  1. a Under the assumption of positive monotonicity (i.e., E 1(ω) ≥ E 0(ω) for ∀ω), this response type is excluded.
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BMC Medical Research Methodology

ISSN: 1471-2288

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