Figure 6

Perturbation diagnostics for a hypothetical data ( n  = 200) taken from Table  2 (A: perturbation adjustment when the unmeasured is associated with neither exposure nor disease; B: perturbation adjustment when the unmeasured is not associated with exposure but is associated with disease; C: perturbation adjustment when the unmeasured is not associated with disease but is associated with exposure). The perturbation variables have an f _PV of 0.025 and are dependent of one another through a first-order Markov chain with an odds ratio of 10.0 between successive perturbation variables. Bootstrap was done for a total of 10000 times.