Figure 7From: Detecting and correcting the bias of unmeasured factors using perturbation analysis: a data-mining approach Perturbation adjustment for the hypothetical population in Table 1 assuming that U is a composite of a measured confounder and a true unknown (A: positive confounding; B: negative confounding). The measured confounder is treated as a confounder (solid lines), or as a perturbation variable (dotted lines). The (additional) perturbation variables have an f PV of 0.05.Back to article page