Characteristic, n (%) | No. of missing | Total sample | GOLD 1 (Mild; n = 102) | GOLD 2 (Moderate; n = 353) | GOLD 3 (Severe; n = 165) | GOLD 4 (Very severe; n = 50) | p-value (comparing GOLD 1,2 vs 3,4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 0 | 68.5 (10.4) | 72.1 (11.3) | 68.3 (10.5) | 67.7 (9.7) | 65.1 (7.4) | 0.02§ |
Male | 0 | 387 (57.8) | 69 (67.7) | 203 (57.5) | 88 (53.3) | 27 (54.0) | 0.12† |
Race | 0 | <.0001‡ | |||||
Caucasian | 524 (78.2) | 91 (89.2) | 290 (82.2) | 114 (69.3) | 29 (58.0) | ||
African American | 121 (18.1) | 11 (10.8) | 52 (14.7) | 40 (24.1) | 18 (36.0) | ||
Native American* | 20 (3.0) | 0 (0) | 8 (2.3) | 9 (5.4) | 3 (6.0) | ||
Asian/multiracial/other | 5 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.9) | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) | ||
BMI (Kg/m2), mean (SD) | 4 | 29.1 (7.6) | 29.1 (6.2) | 29.4 (7.0) | 29.4 (8.9) | 26.0 (9.3) | 0.26§ |
Main activity | 0 | 0.30† | |||||
Employed (incl.self-employment) | 106 (15.8) | 18 (17.7) | 61 (17.3) | 20 (12.1) | 7 (14.0) | ||
Retired | 451 (67.3) | 69 (67.7) | 234 (66.3) | 114 (69.1) | 34 (68.0) | ||
Keeping house/student/seeking work | 61 (9.1) | 10 (9.9) | 31 (8.8) | 17 (10.3) | 3 (6.0) | ||
Disabled – on disability | 41 (6.1) | 5 (4.9) | 22 (6.2) | 8 (4.9) | 6 (12.0) | ||
Other | 11 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 5 (1.4) | 6 (3.6) | 0 (0) | ||
Education | 0 | 0.04† | |||||
Some high school or less | 92 (13.7) | 12 (11.8) | 48 (13.6) | 27 (16.4) | 5 (10.0) | ||
High school graduate or GED | 178 (26.6) | 23 (22.6) | 97 (27.5) | 44 (26.7) | 14 (28.0) | ||
Vocational college or some college | 256 (38.2) | 36 (35.3) | 126 (35.7) | 70 (42.4) | 24 (48.0) | ||
College degree | 86 (12.8) | 14 (13.7) | 53 (15.0) | 16 (9.7) | 3 (6.0) | ||
Professional or graduate degree | 58 (8.7) | 17 (16.7) | 29 (8.2) | 8 (4.9) | 4 (8.0) | ||
Household total gross yearly income | 77 | 0.002† | |||||
Less than $30,000 | 275 (46.4) | 30 (36.1) | 137 (43.5) | 86 (57.3) | 22 (48.9) | ||
$30,001 to $50,000 | 164 (27.7) | 25 (30.1) | 94 (29.8) | 33 (22.0) | 12 (26.7) | ||
$50,001 to $75,000 | 82 (13.8) | 14 (16.9) | 39 (12.4) | 23 (15.3) | 6 (13.3) | ||
Over $75,000 | 72 (12.1) | 14 (16.9) | 45 (14.3) | 8 (5.3) | 5 (11.1) | ||
Smoking status | 0 | 0.09† | |||||
Current smoker | 193 (28.8) | 21 (20.6) | 109 (30.9) | 49 (29.7) | 14 (28.0) | ||
Past smoker | 412 (61.5) | 64 (62.8) | 209 (59.2) | 104 (63.0) | 35 (70.0) | ||
Never smoker | 65 (9.7) | 17 (16.7) | 35 (9.9) | 12 (7.3) | 1 (2.0) | ||
Smoke pack-years, mean (SD) | 2 | 44.2 (31.2) | 36.3 (30.3) | 44.2 (30.9) | 48.0 (31.5) | 48.2 (31.8) | 0.03§ |
Comorbid medical conditions | |||||||
Coronary heart disease** | 0 | 220 (32.8) | 42 (41.2) | 119 (33.7) | 51 (30.9) | 8 (1.2) | 0.04† |
Hypertension | 0 | 416 (62.1) | 57 (55.9) | 221 (62.6) | 110 (66.7) | 28 (56.0) | 0.44† |
Diabetes | 0 | 154 (23.0) | 20 (19.6) | 85 (24.1) | 39 (23.6) | 10 (20.0) | 0.93† |
Stroke or cerebrovascular disease | 0 | 96 (14.3) | 13 (12.8) | 53 (15.0) | 25 (15.2) | 5 (10.0) | 0.85† |
Cancer history | 0 | 174 (26.0) | 22 (21.6) | 96 (27.2) | 44 (26.7) | 12 (24.0) | 0.98† |
Dementia | 0 | 10 (1.5) | 2 (2.0) | 7 (2.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0.18‡ |
Depression | 0 | 229 (34.2) | 34 (33.3) | 131 (37.1) | 52 (31.5) | 12 (24.0) | 0.10† |