Figure 1

Correspondence between 95% confidence interval of the difference in effect, superiority P-value and non-inferiority D-value. * NS indicates non-significance for superiority or non-inferiority. Case A shows significant superiority of the new drug and necessarily non-inferiority Case B shows significant non-inferiority, but superiority of the new drug is uncertain (inconclusive result) Case C shows both, significant inferiority of the new drug (or superiority of active-control) but nonetheless significant non-inferiority Cases D and E failed to demonstrate non-inferiority (inconclusive result) but E demonstrated significant inferiority (or superiority of active-control).