From: Challenges in standardization of blood pressure measurement at the population level
Related to | Factor | Effect on systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Effect on diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
---|---|---|---|
Environment in which measurement is conducted | Cold room vs. comfortable room temperature [2] | ⇑ 14 mmHg | ⇑ 15 mmHg |
Person being measured | ⇑ 10–15 mmHg, in case of uncomfortably distended bladder | ⇑ 10 mmHg, in case of uncomfortably distended bladder ⇑ 40 mmHg | |
⇑ 50 mmHg | |||
Heavy physical exercise before measurement [3] | ⇓ 18–20 mmHg | ⇓ 7–9 mmHg | |
Heavy meal before measurement [3] | ⇓ 20 mmHg | ⇓ 20 mmHg | |
Smoking before measurement [3] | ⇑ 10 mmHg | ⇑ 8 mmHg | |
Measurement procedure | Not resting at least 5 min before measurement [5] | ⇑ 10–20 mmHg | ⇑ 14 mmHg |
Left arm vs. right arm [6] | ⇓ 1–3 mmHg | ⇑ 1 mmHg | |
Supine vs. sitting [7] | ⇑ 3–10 mmHg | ⇑ 1–5 mmHg | |
Back/feet unsupported vs. supported [4] | ⇑ 5–15 mmHg | ⇑ 6 mmHg | |
Arm unsupported during the measurement vs. arm supported [4,11] | ⇑ 1–7 mmHg | ⇑ 5–11 mmHg | |
Legs crossed vs. not crossed [8] | ⇑ 5–8 mmHg | ⇑ 3–5 mmHg | |
⇑ 17 mmHg | ⇑ 13 mmHg | ||
⇑ 10 mmHg | ⇑ 10 mmHg | ||
Cuff over clothing vs. cuff on bare arm [4] | ⇑ 5 mmHg | not reported | |
Device | Cuff too large [11] | ⇓ 10–30 mmHg | ⇓ 10–30 mmHg |
Cuff too small [11] | ⇑ 3–12 mmHg, in obese persons | ⇑ 2–8 mmHg, in obese persons | |
⇑ 30 mmHg | ⇑ 30 mmHg | ||
Diaphragm of stethoscope vs. bell (auscultation method used) [16,17] | ⇓ 0–2 mmHg | ⇓ 0–2 mmHg | |
0–5 mmHg | 0–5 mmH |