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Table 6 Determinants of inaccurate reporting a of at least one contact with a health care provider or hospital admission during a reference period. Results of binomial logistic regression (Belgian Health Interview Sample for which linkage was possible - population aged 15 years and over)

From: Regional differences in the validity of self-reported use of health care in Belgium: selection versus reporting bias

  

n

GP < 12 m

Specialist <12 m

Dentist < 12 m

Dentist < 6 m

Physio < 12 m

Inpatient < 12 m

Day patient < 12 m

   

OR

(95 % CI)

OR

(95 % CI)

OR

(95 % CI)

OR

(95 % CI)

OR

(95 % CI)

OR

(95 % CI)

OR

(95 % CI)

Gender

                
 

Male

4,044

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

Female

4,825

0.75*

(0.62–0.90)

1.20*

(1.03–1.40)

1.02

(0.87–1.18)

1.19*

(1.00–1.41)

1.14

(0.92–1.41)

0.85

(0.62–1.15)

0.93

(0.75–1.15)

Age

                
 

15–24 yrs

1,092

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

25–34 yrs

1,187

1.17

(0.84–1.63)

0.88

(0.66–1.17)

0.67*

(0.50–0.88)

0.84

(0.60–1.19)

1.20

(0.76–1.91)

2.68*

(1.41–5.10)

0.77

(0.50–1.19)

 

35–44 yrs

1,340

1.04

(0.77–1.39)

1.01

(0.78–1.30)

0.67*

(0.51–0.88)

0.88

(0.63–1.22)

1.05

(0.69–1.61)

1.28

(0.69–2.37)

0.85

(0.57–1.27)

 

45–54 yrs

1,278

0.87

(0.63–1.19)

0.92

(0.70–1.19)

0.80

(0.61–1.05)

0.84

(0.60–1.17)

0.84

(0.54–1.32)

1.88*

(1.01–3.53)

0.76

(0.51–1.14)

 

55–64 yrs

1,256

0.66*

(0.45–0.95)

0.92

(0.68–1.23)

0.59*

(0.43–0.82)

0.64*

(0.44–0.94)

0.89

(0.57–1.41)

1.62

(0.84–3.13)

0.53*

(0.34–0.83)

 

65–74 yrs

829

0.46*

(0.28–0.74)

0.72

(0.51–1.02)

0.59*

(0.41–0.86)

0.52*

(0.33–0.82)

1.00

(0.60–1.66)

1.97

(0.94–4.13)

0.85

(0.53–1.35)

 

75 yrs

1,887

0.43*

(0.27–0.68)

1.28

(0.93–1.77)

0.52*

(0.36–0.75)

0.34*

(0.22–0.53)

1.00

(0.62–1.61)

1.94

(0.97–3.88)

0.57*

(0.37–0.89)

Household type

               
 

Single

2,451

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

One parent with child (ren)

732

1.16

(0.80–1.69)

1.24

(0.89–1.72)

1.06

(0.75–1.48)

1.04

(0.72–1.50)

1.40

(0.91–2.14)

1.86*

(1.06–3.23)

1.15

(0.74–1.78)

 

Couple with child (ren)

2,130

1.02

(0.75–1.39)

1.11

(0.90–1.37)

1.05

(0.82–1.34)

0.84

(0.63–1.13)

1.11

(0.83–1.48)

0.94

(0.64–1.38)

1.07

(0.80–1.45)

 

Couple without child (ren)

2,698

1.18

(0.90–1.54)

1.21

(0.96–1.51)

0.98

(0.77–1.25)

1.01

(0.77–1.33)

1.31

(0.96–1.79)

1.49

(0.98–2.29)

1.02

(0.74–1.40)

 

Other or unknown

858

1.66*

(1.18–2.35)

1.11

(0.83–1.48)

1.10

(0.78–1.54)

0.88

(0.61–1.27)

0.78

(0.51–1.20)

0.93

(0.54–1.60)

1.05

(0.70–1.59)

Region

                
 

Flanders

3,259

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

Brussels

2,464

1.74*

(1.37–2.21)

1.16

(0.96–1.40)

1.45*

(1.18–1.79)

1.17

(0.94–1.45)

0.84

(0.66–1.08)

0.95

(0.61–1.49)

1.24

(0.97–1.59)

 

Wallonia

3,146

1.41*

(1.14–1.75)

1.15

(0.98–1.36)

1.51*

(1.26–1.81)

1.07

(0.87–1.31)

1.01

(0.81–1.26)

1.05

(0.78–1.41)

1.15

(0.92–1.43)

Educational level

               
 

No or primary

1,362

1.01

(0.69–1.48)

1.19

(0.92–1.55)

1.02

(0.76–1.37)

0.81

(0.56–1.16)

1.05

(0.73–1.49)

1.56

(0.97–2.51)

1.21

(0.85–1.72)

 

Lower secondary

1,459

1.23

(0.90–1.68)

1.07

(0.81–1.41)

1.00

(0.77–1.32)

1.03

(0.75–1.40)

0.94

(0.67–1.33)

1.28

(0.80–2.06)

0.87

(0.61–1.22)

 

Higher secondary

2,667

1.11

(0.88–1.43)

1.14

(0.94–1.39)

1.02

(0.83–1.26)

0.91

(0.72–1.16)

0.96

(0.74–1.26)

1.25

(0.87–1.79)

1.01

(0.77–1.32)

 

Higher

3,111

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Equivalent income

               
 

Quintile 1

1,594

1.33

(0.94–1.88)

1.09

(0.82–1.45)

0.87

(0.64–1.18)

0.81

(0.60–1.14)

1.09

(0.72–1.65)

1.26

(0.73–2.17)

0.70

(0.48–1.01)

 

Quintile 2

1,532

0.88

(0.64–1.20)

1.10

(0.84–1.45)

0.95

(0.72–1.26)

0.92

(0.66–1.29)

0.87

(0.62–1.22)

1.47

(0.88–2.47)

0.72*

(0.52–1.00)

 

Quintile 3

1,409

0.89

(0.65–1.21)

1.20

(0.94–1.54)

0.92

(0.70–1.20)

1.12

(0.82–1.52)

1.00

(0.72–1.39)

1.01

(0.62–1.65)

0.80

(0.56–1.15)

 

Quintile 4

1,363

0.95

(0.71–1.26)

1.11

(0.87–1.42)

0.91

(0.69–1.20)

0.89

(0.68–1.19)

1.11

(0.81–1.53)

1.40

(0.87–2.25)

0.85

(0.60–1.21)

 

Quintile 5

1,493

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Type of insurance coverage

               
 

General scheme

8,023

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

Scheme for independents

822

1.73*

(1.27–2.36)

1.13

(0.86–1.49)

1.51*

(1.12–2.02)

1.53*

(1.11–2.11)

1.25

(0.87–1.80)

0.52*

(0.30–0.92)

1.31

(0.83–2.06)

Eligible for preferential reimbursement

               
 

No

7,095

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

Yes

1,750

0.77

(0.55–1.08)

0.95

(0.75–1.21)

0.88

(0.67–1.14)

1.27

(0.94–1.72)

0.92

(0.67–1.26)

1.10

(0.75–1.59)

0.92

(0.68–1.24)

Country of birth

               
 

Belgium

7,388

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

other European country

778

1.01

(0.72–1.42)

0.91

(0.67–1.22)

1.13

(0.84–1.53)

1.04

(0.74–1.46)

1.19

(0.97–1.81)

1.04

(0.65–1.66)

0.90

(0.62–1.32)

 

outside Europe

698

1.41

(0.98–2.02)

1.00

(0.74–1.37)

1.31

(0.97–1.78)

1.14

(0.80–1.61)

1.12

(0.77–1.63)

1.71

(0.79–3.69)

1.10

(0.73–1.68)

Chronic disease, illness or handicap

               
 

No

3,255

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

Yes

5,583

2.00*

(1.58–2.54)

1.60*

(1.33–1.93)

1.21*

(1.01–1.45)

1.20

(0.95–1.51)

0.74*

(0.59–0.93)

0.88

(0.63–1.22)

0.62*

(0.48–0.79)

Proxy interview

               
 

No

7,768

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

Yes

1,095

1.55*

(1.14–2.15)

1.25

(0.95–1.65)

1.48*

(1.13–1.94)

1.40*

(1.03–1.89)

1.16

(0.82–1.63)

0.64

(0.37–1.11)

0.95

(0.64–1.40)

Health care expenses in year after survey (log)

8,869

0.89*

(0.85–0.93)

0.96*

(0.92–1.00)

0.97

(0.93–1.01)

1.05

(1.00–1.10)

1.32*

(1.23–1.42)

1.40*

(1.23–1.59)

1.46*

(1.34–1.59)

  1. < 12 m : in the 12 months prior to the date of the interview
  2. < 6 m : in the 6 months prior to the date of the interview
  3. * significant difference (p < 0.05)
  4. a either overreporting (self–reported contact, but no register-based contact) or underreporting (no self-reported contact, but register-based contact)
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