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Table 2 Results from multivariate analysis (one time scale). Event-specific regression analyses based on Cox proportional regression models as described in main text. Proportionality could be assumed after the inspection of Schoenfelds’ residuals. Event-specific hazard ratios are displayed with 95 %-confidence interval in brackets

From: Multiple time scales in modeling the incidence of infections acquired in intensive care units

Risk factors

MODEL 1a basic time scale: ICU time

MODEL 2a basic time scale: calendar time

 

MRSA

Death without MRSA

Discharge without MRSA

MRSA

Death without MRSA

Discharge without MRSA

Patient level covariates

      

APACHE II score 11–20 vs. 0–10

1.35 (1.00–1.83)

2.05 (1.90–2.23)

0.62 (0.61–0.63)

1.78 (1.30–2.44)

2.20 (2.03–2.39)

0.63 (0.62–0.65)

APACHE II score 21–30 vs. 0–10

1.50 (1.09–2.07)

4.23 (3.91–4.57)

0.37 (0.36–0.38)

2.22 (1.59–3.12)

4.76 (4.39–5.16)

0.37 (0.31–0.38)

APACHE II score>31 vs. 0–10

1.50 (0.99–2.28)

6.86 (6.30–7.47)

0.24 (0.23–0.26)

2.75 (1.76–4.32)

8.02 (7.33–8.78)

0.24 (0.22–0.25)

Age (years) 0–40 vs. 61–80

1.09 (0.80–1.45)

0.62 (0.57–0.67)

1.08 (1.05–1.10)

1.03 (0.75–1.41)

0.62 (0.57–0.85)

1.06 (1.03–1.09)

Age (years) 40–60 vs. 61–80

0.96 (0.77 –1.20)

0.81 (0.77–0.85)

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

0.98 (0.77–1.24)

0.81 (0.77–0.85)

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

Age (years)>80 vs. 61–80

0.72 (0.47–1.11)

1.61 (1.52–1.70)

1.12 (1.09–1.15)

0.63 (0.40–0.98)

1.62 (1.53–1.73)

1.15 (1.12–1.19)

Days in hospital before ICU admission:

      

4-6 vs. 0–3

1.14 (0.78–1.66)

1.11 (1.03–1.20)

0.89 (0.86–0.92)

1.31 (0.87–1.96)

1.12 (1.03–1.22)

0.91 (0.88–0.95)

6-10 vs. 0–3

1.16 (0.78–1.73)

1.22 (1.13–1.32)

0.89 (0.85–0.92)

1.10 (0.71–1.70)

1.23 (1.12–1.34)

0.91 (0.88–0.95)

> 10 vs. 0–3

1.09 (0.8–1.46)

1.24 (1.17-1.31)

0.84 (0.81–0.86)

1.21 (0.89–1.67)

1.24 (1.16–1.32)

0.85 (0.82–0.87)

Type of diagnosis:

      

Respiratory vs. cardiovascular

1.10 (0.84–1.45)

0.98 (0.92–1.39)

0.75 (0.73–0.77)

1.42 (1.06–1.90)

0.99 (0.93–1.05)

0.75 (0.74–0.77)

Gastrointestinal vs. cardiovascular

1.29 (0.95–1.74)

1.01 (0.95–1.07)

0.84 (0.82–0.86)

1.48 (1.07–2.04)

1.01 (0.95–1.08)

0.82 (0.80–0.84)

Central nervous system vs. cardiovascular

1.18 (0.90–1.55)

1.37 (1.30–1.45)

0.77 (0.75–0.78)

1.39 (1.04–1.87)

1.41 (1.32–1.49)

0.75 (0.73–0.77)

Other diagnoses vs. cardiovascular

0.92 (0.62–1.36)

0.84 (0.76–0.91)

0.86 (0.84–0.89)

0.95 (0.58–1.56)

0.84 (0.76–0.94)

0.99 (0.93–1.02)

Antibiotic treatment 48 h before and/or after ICU admission

1.21 (0.97–1.51)

1.09 (1.04–1.14)

0.77 (0.76–0.79)

1.44 (1.12–1.86)

1.13 (1.07–1.19)

0.72 (0.70–0.73)

Gender

1.14 (0.93–1.39)

1.01 (0.97–1.05)

0.99 (0.96–1.01)

1.22 (0.99–1.52)

0.99 (0.96–1.01)

0.98 (0.91–0.99)

Origin (hospital/ICU vs. community)

0.93 (0.74–1.19)

0.95 (0.91–1.00)

1.03 (1.01–1.04)

0.95 (0.75–1.22)

0.96 (0.91–1.01)

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

Trauma

1.25 (0.94–1.68)

0.67 (0.62–0.73)

0.74 (0.72–0.76)

1.41 (1.03–1.94)

0.67 (0.61–0.73)

0.73 (0.70–0.75)