Table 1 Model and parameters in simulation study

Longitudinal model

Y _ij  = U_i1 + U_i2 * t _ij  + τ * Age + ε _ij

Survival model

h(t) = λ(t)exp{α₁Age + α₂Sex + γY _ij }

Covariance matrix for random effects (U_i1 , U_i2)

\( G = \left[\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0.29\hfill & \hfill -0.00465\hfill \\ {}\hfill -0.00465\hfill & \hfill 0.000320\hfill \end{array}\right] \)