Fig. 4From: Performance of Firth-and logF-type penalized methods in risk prediction for small or sparse binary dataPerformance of the methods was assessed using Average Predicted Probability (APP) and compared. Results were summarized over the number of simulations for which convergence is achieved. The maximum failure rate of convergence for RIDGE, out of 1000 simulations, is 8.4% when EPV=2. The horizontal solide line is the observed APPBack to article page