Table 1 Impact of propensity score adjustment for development cohort
Unadjusted for propensity score | Adjusted for decile of propensity score | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Started Acupuncture (n = 952) | Did Not Start Acupuncture (n = 59,564) | Standardized differencea | Standardized differencea | |
Propensity score characteristicsb | ||||
Opioid therapy plan | 28.8% | 17.8% | 0.261 | 0.023 |
Physical therapy past 30 days | 16.3% | 15.1% | 0.032 | −0.008 |
Physical therapy past 31–180 days | 25.0% | 11.1% | 0.368 | 0.018 |
Physical therapy past 181–365 days | 24.5% | 12.1% | 0.324 | 0.016 |
Nonspecific chronic pain | 29.6% | 14.4% | 0.373 | 0.031 |
Substance abuse | 4.6% | 4.1% | 0.028 | 0.003 |
Sleep problem | 23.6% | 14.6% | 0.232 | 0.016 |
History of tobacco use | 14.2% | 12.9% | 0.036 | 0.000 |
Anxiety | 23.7% | 15.6% | 0.206 | 0.017 |
Pain treatment procedure | 38.2% | 22.5% | 0.344 | 0.020 |
Pain diagnosis procedure | 65.3% | 52.5% | 0.261 | 0.011 |
Pain medication | 81.2% | 65.0% | 0.370 | 0.008 |
Age (years) | 53.8 (14.0) | 55.2 (15.0) | −0.097 | −0.008 |
Number of outpatient visits | 15.9 (10.8) | 10.4 (10.1) | −0.543 | 0.011 |
Months since cohort entry | 29.1 (14.7) | 25.2 (15.6) | −0.246 | 0.010 |
Ambulatory Charlson score | 1.8 (2.2) | 1.9 (2.1) | −0.036 | −0.006 |
Demographic Characteristics | ||||
Female | 72. 8% | 62.0% | 0.232 | 0.146 |
White | 91.2% | 91.9% | −0.023 | −0.033 |
Hispanic | 5.4% | 7.7% | −0.091 | −0.093 |
Medical and Psychiatric Comorbidities | ||||
Depression | 21.5% | 15.8% | 0.148 | 0.014 |
Types of Nonmalignant Chronic Pain (NCP) | ||||
Back and/or neck pain | 80.6% | 55.9% | 0.539 | 0.407 |
Joint pain (including osteoarthritis) | 79.3% | 79.3% | 0.001 | −0.114 |
Fibromyalgia/other myofascial pain | 30.1% | 11.8% | 0.461 | 0.257 |
Headaches | 18.0% | 12.0% | 0.167 | 0.077 |
Neuropathy | 1.5% | 1.5% | −0.001 | 0.011 |
Temporomandibular disorders | 5.0% | 3.0% | 0.105 | 0.046 |
Carpal tunnel syndrome | 6.5% | 5.8% | 0.028 | −0.016 |
Abdominal pain | 6.3% | 4.8% | 0.068 | −0.018 |
Other NCP | 5.8% | 6.6% | −0.034 | −0.057 |
Two of above NCP types | 81.1% | 60.6% | 0.457 | 0.224 |
Pharmacotherapy | ||||
Any use of an opioid | 19.9% | 11.8% | 0.223 | 0.025 |
Opioid morphine equivalent dose (MED) | 0.3 (1.7) | 0.2 (0.9) | 0.122 | −0.012 |
≥ 120 MED | 7.9% | 4.5% | 0.141 | −0.007 |
Mental health related | ||||
Any antidepressant use | 47.6% | 35.4% | 0.247 | 0.036 |
Any anxiolytic use | 33.1% | 21.2% | 0.270 | 0.041 |
Any benzodiazepine use | 35.4% | 21.1% | 0.321 | 0.067 |