Referred for Acupuncture (n = 173) | Not Referred for Acupuncture (n = 350) | Standardized differencea | |
---|---|---|---|
Propensity score characteristicsb | |||
Opioid therapy plan | 20.2% | 30.6% | −0.239 |
Physical therapy past 30 days | 1.2% | 3.1% | −0.141 |
Physical therapy past 31–180 days | 11.6% | 8.6% | 0.010 |
Physical therapy past 181–365 days | 16.2% | 8.3% | 0.244 |
Nonspecific chronic pain | 30.1% | 30.0% | 0.013 |
Substance abuse | 5.2% | 3.7% | 0.072 |
Sleep problem | 26.0% | 20.0% | 0.143 |
History of tobacco use | 24.9% | 27.1% | −0.052 |
Anxiety | 21.7% | 18.5% | −0.080 |
Pain treatment procedure | 18.5% | 22.0% | −0.087 |
Pain diagnosis procedure | 46.2% | 51.4% | −0.104 |
Pain medication | 57.8% | 56.0% | 0.036 |
Age (years) | 49.6 (11.8) | 52.8 (11.5) | −0.283 |
Number of outpatient visits | 10.3 (8.0) | 10.8 (8.2) | −0.062 |
Months since cohort entry | 42.4 (27.7) | 45.5 (26.9) | −0.114 |
Ambulatory Charlson score | 1.1 (1.4) | 1.5 (2.0) | −0.264 |
Characteristics that did not contribute to the propensity score | |||
Demographic Characteristics | |||
Female | 71.1% | 73.7% | −0.059 |
White | 88.5% | 93.5% | −0.176 |
Hispanic | 3.8% | 4.1% | −0.016 |
Medical and Psychiatric Comorbidities | |||
Depression | 12.7% | 16.6% | −0.109 |
Types of Nonmalignant Chronic Pain (NCP) | |||
Back and/or neck pain | 71.1% | 60.6% | 0.223 |
Joint pain (including osteoarthritis) | 66.5% | 70.9% | −0.095 |
Fibromyalgia/other myofascial pain | 30.6% | 16.9% | 0.327 |
Headaches | 20.2% | 11.1% | 0.252 |
Neuropathy | 3.5% | 9.1% | −0.240 |
Temporomandibular disorders | 2.9% | 2.6% | 0.020 |
Carpal tunnel syndrome | 2.9% | 5.1% | −0.116 |
Abdominal pain | 11.0% | 9.4% | 0.051 |
Other NCP | 5.2% | 5.1% | 0.003 |
Two of above NCP types | 74.0% | 68.0% | 0.132 |
Pharmacotherapy | |||
Any use of an opioid | 20.2% | 21.7% | −0.036 |
Opioid morphine equivalent dose (MED) | 0.3 (1.1) | 0.3 (1.1) | −0.026 |
≥ 120 MED | 7.5% | 8.6% | −0.039 |
Mental health related | |||
Any antidepressant use | 54.9% | 49.4% | 0.110 |
Any anxiolytic use | 28.3% | 28.3% | 0.001 |
Any benzodiazepine use | 28.9% | 27.1% | 0.039 |