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Table 2 Comparison of type of consent with the condition being studied (N = number of trials. Note some trials used more than one type of consent)

From: Assessment of consent models as an ethical consideration in the conduct of prehospital ambulance randomised controlled clinical trials: a systematic review

Type of Consent

Cardiac Arrest

(N = 19)

STEMI

(N = 9)

Stroke

(N = 7)

Airways Issues

(N = 3)

Pain

(N = 3)

Other Heart Conditions

(N = 2)

Low Risk Injury

(N = 2)

Fractures

(N = 2)

Falls

(N = 2)

Pelvic Pain

(N = 1)

Hypovolaemic Shock

(N = 1)

Head Injury

(N = 1)

Sedation(N = 1)

Hypoglycaemia

(N = 1)

Motion Sickness

(N = 1)

Elderly Patients

(N = 1)

Total

Waived Consent

13

–

1

2

1

2

–

–

–

–

1

1

1

–

–

–

22

Informed Consent

–

7

5

–

1

–

1

2

–

1

–

–

–

–

1

1

19

Delayed Consent

4

2

1

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1

–

–

8

Relative Proxy

3

1

4

1

–

–

–

1

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1

11

Paramedic Proxy

–

–

2

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

2

Consent for Follow Up

5

–

3

–

1

1

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

10

Verbal Consent

–

–

2

–

1

–

1

1

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

5

Retrospective Consent

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1

–

–

1

–

–

–

–

2

Paramedic Consented

–

–

–

1

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1

Opt Out

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1