Fig. 2From: The alarming problems of confounding equivalence using logistic regression models in the perspective of causal diagramsScenario 1 (Fig. 1a), simulation results of the bias (a and b) and standard error (c) and (d) of c-equivalence sets A 1 ≈ A 2 ≈ A 3 when varied across the log transformed odds ratio effect of Z on T and T on Y Back to article page