Fig. 5From: The alarming problems of confounding equivalence using logistic regression models in the perspective of causal diagramsScenario 3 (Fig. 1c), simulation results of the bias (a and b) and standard error (c and d) of c-equivalence sets A 1 ≈ A 2 when varied across the log transformed odds ratio effect of Z on T and V on Y Back to article page