Fig. 7From: The alarming problems of confounding equivalence using logistic regression models in the perspective of causal diagramsScenario 4 (Fig. 1d), simulation results of the bias (a and b) and standard error (c and d) of c-equivalence sets A 1 ≈ A 2 ≈ A 3when varied across the log transformed odds ratio effect of W on X and T on Y Back to article page