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Fig. 3 | BMC Medical Research Methodology

Fig. 3

From: Does different information disclosure on placebo control affect blinding and trial outcomes? A case study of participant information leaflets of randomized placebo-controlled trials of acupuncture

Fig. 3

Clinical outcomes by PIL categories. Anonymized studies are from (a) FD category, and (b) DD category, respectively. A test for subgroup differences indicates that studies from DD category report greater effects of real acupuncture compared to those from FD category. CI, confidence intervals; DD, deceptive disclosure of placebo acupuncture; FD, full disclosure of placebo acupuncture; PIL, participant information leaflet; SE, standard error; Std., standardized

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