Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review of model-based analyses

Castro, Rodolfo; Crathorne, Louise; Perazzo, Hugo; Silva, Julio; Cooper, Chris; Varley-Campbell, Jo; Marinho, Daniel Savignon; Haasova, Marcela; Veloso, Valdilea G.; Anderson, Rob; Hyde, Chris

doi:10.1186/s12874-018-0515-9

Table 1 Summary characteristics of included models evaluating DAAs

From: Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review of model-based analyses

First author Year Country	Model Type	HCV population	Regimens evaluated^a	Perspective	Time horizon Discount rate Cycle length	Sponsor	Included in analysis, Y/N
Athanasakis 2015 Greece	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	3rd party payer	Lifetime 3%^a 1 wk	Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.	N
Blazquez-Perez 2013 Spain	Markov	Tx naïve, G1	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	Spanish NHS	Lifetime 3% 3 mths^a	Unsupported^b	N
Brogan 2014 USA	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1	TT (TEL-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	US payer perspective	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated	N
Camma 2013 Italy	Semi Markov	Tx experienced, G1, Aged 50+	TT (BOC/TEL-PEG-RBV), No Tx	Italian NHS	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	3P Solution	N
Camma 2012 Italy	Semi Markov	Tx naïve, G1, Aged 50+	TT (BOC/TEL-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	Italian NHS^c	20-yr 3%^a 1 yr	3P Solution	N
Chan 2013 USA	Markov	Tx naïve, G1	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV), No Tx	VHA Healthcare Organization	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	Dept. Of Veteran Affairs Health Services Research and DQERI	N
Chhatwal 2015 USA	Markov (Individual)	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1–4	TT (SOF-PEG-RBV, BOC-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV), DT (SOF-LDV, SOF-RBV, PEG-RBV)	Third party payer	Lifetime 3%^a 1 wk	NIH (award #KL2TR000146)	N
Chhatwal 2013 USA	Markov	Tx experienced, G1	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	Payer	Lifetime 3%^a 1 wk	Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (in part)	N
Cortesi 2015 USA	Semi Markov	Tx naïve, G1	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV)	Italian NHS	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	Unsupported	N
Cure 2015a Italy	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1–6	DT (PEG-RBV, SOF-RBV), TT (SOF-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV, BOC-PEG-RBV), No Tx	Italian NHS	Lifetime 3%^a 3 mths & 1 yr^d	Gilead Sciences	Y
Cure 2015b UK	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1–6	TT (SOF-PEG-RBV, BOC-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV), DT (SOF-RBV, PEG-RBV), No Tx	UK NHS perspective	Lifetime 3.5%^a 3 mths & 1 yr^d	Gilead Sciences	Y
Cure 2014a UK	Markov	Tx naïve, G1	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV)	UK NHS	Lifetime 3.5%^a 1 yr	Janssen Pharmaceuticals	N
Cure 2014b UK	Markov	Tx experienced, G1	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV)	Italian NHS	Lifetime 3.5%^a 1 yr	Janssen Pharmaceuticals	N
Dan 2015 Singapore	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	Public	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	Merck & Co Inc. & MSD Pharma (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.	N
Elbasha 2013 Portugal	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	Portuguese NHS	Lifetime 5%^a 1 wk	Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.	N
Ferrante 2013 USA	Markov	Tx naïve, G1	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	Payer	Lifetime 3%^a 1 wk	Schering Plough (part of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.)	N
Gimeno-Ballester 2016 Spain	Markov	Tx naïve, G1b	DT (SMV, DCV), TT (BOC-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV)	Spanish NHS	Lifetime 3%^a 3 mths	Unsupported	N
Hagan 2014 USA	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced	DT (SOF-SMV, SOF-RBV)	Societal	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	Grants from NIH and Department of Veterans Affairs	N
Leleu 2015 France	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1–4	TT (SOF-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	French NHS	Lifetime 2.5%^a 3 mths, 1 yr	Gilead Sciences	N [no usable data]
Linas 2015 USA	Monte Carlo Simulation	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G2–3	TT (SOF-PEG-RBV), DT (SOF-RBV, PEG-RBV), No Tx	Payer	Lifetime 3%^a 1 mth	NIDA & NIAID	Y
Linas 2014 USA	Monte Carlo Simulation	HIV/HCV co-infected (Tx naïve, G1, non-cirrhotic)	TT (TEL-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV), No Tx	Health system	Lifetime 3%^a 1 mth	NIDA & NIAID	N
Liu 2014 USA	Markov	Tx naïve men, G1, Age 40+	TT (SOF-PEG-RV, BOC-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV), No Tx	Societal	Lifetime 3%^a 3 mths	US Dept. for Veteran Affairs, NIA, and NIH	Y
Liu 2012 USA	Markov	Tx naïve, G1	TT (BOC/TEL-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	Societal	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	Stanford Graduate Fellowship	N
McEwan 2014 Japan	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1b	TT (TEL-PEG-RBV) DT (DCV-ASV, PEG-RBV), No Tx	Japanese health system	Lifetime 2%^a 1 yr	Bristol-Myers Squibb	N
Najafzadeh 2015 USA	Discrete Event Simulation	Tx naïve, G1–3	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV, SOF-PEG-RBV, SOF-LED-RBV), DT (SOF-SIM, SOF-DCV, SOF-LED, SOF-RBV, PEG-RBV)	Societal	Lifetime 3%^a NA	CVS Health	Y
Petta 2014a Italy	Semi Markov	Tx naïve, G1, Age 50+	TT (SOF-PEG-RBV, BOC-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV)	Italian National Health Service	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	3P Solution	N
Petta 2014b Italy	Semi Markov	Tx naïve, G1, Age 50+	TT (BOC-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	Italian National Health Service	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	Not reported	N
Pfeil 2015 Switzerland	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced G1–4	TT (SOF-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV, BOC-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV, SOF-RBV), No Tx	Swiss NHS	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	Gilead Switzerland	Y
Rein 2015 USA	Markov	Tx naïve, G1–4	DT (PEG-RBV, SOF-RBV, SIM-SOF), TT (SOF-PEG-RBV), No Tx	Healthcare	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	National Foundation for CDC & Prevention	N
Saab 2014 USA	Markov	Tx naïve, Tx experienced & Tx naïve with HIV coinfection	TT (SOF-PEG-RBV, BOC-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV, SIM-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	3rd party payer	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	Gilead Sciences Inc.	Y
San Miguel 2014 Spain	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1–3	TT (SOF-PEG-RBV, BOC-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV, SOF-RBV)	Spanish NHS	Lifetime 3%^a 3 mths	Not reported^e	Y
Tice 2015 USA	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1–3, Age 60+	TT (SOF-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV, SMV-PEG-RBV, SOF-SMV-RBV), DT SOF-RBV), No Tx	US 3rd party payer	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	ICER & CTAF	N
Vellopoulou 2014 The Netherlands	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1	TT (SOF-PEG-RBV, BOC.PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	Societal	Lifetime 4% costs; 1% outcomes 1 yr	Janssen-Cilag B.V.	N
Warren 2014 Australia	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1	TT (TEL-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)		Lifetime 5%^a 1 yr	Janssen Australia Pty Ltd	N
Westerhout 2015 UK	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1, Age 50+	TT (SMV-PEG-RBV, TEL-PEG-RBV, BOC-PEG-RBV), DT (PEG-RBV)	UK NHS	Lifetime 3.5%^a 1 yr	Janssen EMEA	N
Younossi 2015 USA	Markov	Tx naïve & Tx experienced, G1	DT (SOF-LDV, SOF-SMV, SOF-RBV), TT (SOF-PEG-RBV, SMV-PEG-RBV, BOC-PEG-RBV), No Tx	US 3rd party payer	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	Gilead Sciences Inc.	N
Zhang 2015 USA	Markov (patient)	Tx naïve, G1–3	DT (PEG-RBV, SOF-RBV, LED-SOF, SIM-SOF), TT (SOF-PEG-RBV), ViekiraPak (OMB-PAR-RIT-DAS)	Unclear	Lifetime 3%^a 1 yr	National Science Foundation (grant #IIP-1361509 & #DGE1255832)	N

Abbreviations: ASV asunaprevir, BOC bocepravir, BOC-PEG-RBV-48 fixed duration therapy for 48 weeks, CDC Center for disease control, Corp. Corporation, DAA(s) direct acting antiviral(s), DAS dasabuvir, DCV daclatasvir, Dept. department, DQERI development Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, DT dual therapy, FD fixed duration, G genotype, IL interleukin, Inc. incorporated, LDV ledipasvir, mth(s) month(s), N no, NHS National Health Service/system, NIA National Institute of aging, NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH National Institutes of Health, NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse, OMB ombitasavir, PAR paritaprevir, PEG pegylated interferon, RBV ribavarin, RGT response guided therapy, RIT ritonavir, RVR rapid virologic response, SMV simepravir, SOF sofosbuvir, TEL telaprevi[52]r, TT triple therapy, Tx treatment, UK United Kingdom, US(A) United States (of America), VHA veterans health association, wk(s) week(s), Y yes, yr(s) year(s)
Notes: ^aCosts and health outcomes; ^bNo pharmaceutical company, government agency, or grant conducted as academic research; ^cUnclear but study perspective limited to direct medical costs (Euros); ^dThe cycle length was 3 mths for Yr 1 and 2 and yearly thereafter; ^eAssume unsupported no competing interests were reported but does not state explicitly. The cycle lengths were estimated using the data reported in each publication. A not applicable (NA) was added for studies without cycle length
Sources: Intervention models included in analysis: Cure 2015a [28], Cure 2015b [29], Linas, 2015 [37], Liu 2014 [39], Najafzadeh 2015 [41], San Miguel 2015 [47], Saab 2014 [46]; Intervention models excluded from analysis: Athanasakis 2015 [17], Blazques-Perez 2013 [18], Brogan 2014 [19], Camma 2012 [21], Camma 2013 [20], Chan 2013 [22], Chhatwal 2013 [23], Chhatwal 2015 [24], Cortesi 2015 [25], Cure 2014a [26], Cure 2014b [27], Dan 2015 [30], Elbasha 2013 [31], Ferrante 2013 [32], Gimeno-Ballester 2016 [33], Hagan 2014 [34], Leleu, 2015 [35]; Linas 2014 [36], Liu 2012 [38], McEwan 2014 [40], Petta 2014a [43], Petta 2014b [42], Rein 2015 [45], Tice 2015 [48], Vellopoulou 2014 [49], Warren 2014 [50], Westerhout 2015 [51], Younossi 2015 [52], Zhang 2015 [53]

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