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Table 1 Characteristics of the audited cases (n = 4307)

From: Community Assessment of COPD Health Care (COACH) study: a clinical audit on primary care performance variability in COPD care

Variables

Average (patient level)

Inter-center range

Inter-regional range

Range

P value a

Range

P value a

Male gender (n)

3159 (73.3)

35.7–93.8

<  0.001

67.9–78.1

<  0.001

Age (years)

71.1 (12.7)

61.9–80.2

<  0.001

67.2–73.3

<  0.001

Rural communities

1771 (41.1)

5.8–74.6

<  0.001

Active smoker (n)

1152 (26.7)

4.8–80.8

<  0.001

20.7–41.9

<  0.001

Ex-smokers (n)

1127 (26.2)

6.1–40.0

<  0.001

0.0–76.5

<  0.001

Life-long never smokers (n)

579 (13.4)

0.0–84.6

<  0.001

8.3–19.0

<  0.001

Previous smoking status unknown (n)

1449 (33.6)

16.8–51.6

<  0.001

2.2–88.1

<  0.001

Tobacco history (pack-years)

44.2 (48.6)

9.0–100

<  0.001

29.9–48.8

0.045

Comorbidities (Charlson index)

2.2 (1.4)

1.5–3.2

<  0.001

1.9–2.4

<  0.001

Comorbidities (COTE index)

1.1 (1.8)

0.5–1.8

<  0.001

0.8–1.4

0.003

Comorbidities: cardiac b (n)

1280 (29.7)

13.3–63.6

<  0.001

26.5–32.5

0.076

Comorbidities: vascular c (n)

913 (21.2)

0–40.0

<  0.001

15.7–24.9

<  0.001

Comorbidities: neoplasms (n)

476 (11.1)

0–31.3

<  0.001

2.9–15.4

<  0.001

Comorbidities: sleep apnea (n)

201 (4.7)

0–20.3

<  0.001

0–7.8

<  0.001

Comorbidities: eyedrops use (n)

54 (1.3)

0–18.2

<  0.001

0.9–2.8

0.018

Comorbidities: psychiatric drugs e (n)

501 (11.6)

0–38.2

<  0.001

6.8–15.8

<  0.001

Comorbidities: prostatic hyperplasia (n)

725 (16.8)

0–33.3

<  0.001

8.8–21.7

<  0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

29.2 (5.5)

26.7–37.1

<  0.001

28.4–30.9

0.004

Current FEV1 (mL) d

1690 (694)

810–2720

0.115

1640 – 1794

0.744

Current FEV1 (%) d

64.3 (22.8)

39.0–97.0

0.307

21.0–25.7

0.136

Current FEV1/FVC (%) d

62.3 (13.2)

69.0–51.0

0.741

60.2–65.1

0.249

  1. Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) or absolute (relative) frequencies, as needed
  2. FEV1 forced expiratory volume in the first second
  3. a Calculated by Chi-squared test or ANOVA to test for variability
  4. b Includes coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation or flutter
  5. c Includes coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease
  6. d Obtained from post-bronchodilator spirometry, and if not available, from pre-bronchodilator spirometry
  7. e Includes anxiolytics, antidepressants, and antipsychotics