Table 1 Prevalence of risk of mental health problems (GHQ+), odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between GHQ+ and other explanatory variables, and distribution of population, by sex and year of survey

Men

Prevalence of Total Mental Health Problems

2006

2011

2006

2011

Age

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 16–34

1

1

41.6 (40.6, 42.5)

36.6 (35.5, 37.7)

 35–49

0.93 (0.79, 1.10)

1.42^c (1.17,1.73)

34.9 (34.0, 35.8)

36.6 (35.5, 37.7)

 50–64

0.62^c (0.51,0.76)

0.82 (0.65, 1.03)

23.5 (22.7, 24.3)

26.8 (25.8, 27.8)

Educational level

p = 0.011

p = 0.154

 Higher/university

1

1

28.0 (27.2, 28.9)

24.5 (23.5, 25.5)

 Others

1.21^a (1.04, 1.41)

1.16 (0.95,1.41)

72.0 (71.1, 72.8)

75.5 (74.5, 76.5)

Marital status

p < 0.001

p = 0.540

 Single

1

1

43.0 (42.0, 43.9)

41.0 (39.9, 42.1)

 Married

1.05 (0.89, 1.23)

1.10 (0.91, 1.32)

52.7 (51.7, 53.8)

54.3 (53.2, 55.5)

 Divorced/separated

2.07^c (1.54, 2.78)

1.10 (0.76, 1.59)

3.6 (3.3, 4.0)

4.1 (3.6, 4.5)

 Widowed

0.78 (0.36, 1.69)

1.66 (0.75, 3.68)

0.7 (0.5, 0.9)

0.6 (0.5, 0.8)

Social support

p < 0.001

p = 0.004

 High

1

1

97.1 (96.8, 97.4)

97.4 (97.1, 97.8)

 Low

5.05^c(3.90, 6.55)

1.71^b (1.19, 2.46)

2.9 (2.6, 3.2)

2.6 (2.2, 2.9)

Employment status

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 Employed

1

1

74.9 (74.1, 75.7)

61.3 (60.2, 62.4)

 Unemployed

2.49^c(2.35, 3.06)

2.52^c (2.09,3.05)

7.6 (7.1, 8.1)

20.7 (19.8, 21.6)

 Other activity

1.56^c (1.34, 1.86)

1.85^c (1.50,2.28)

17.5 (16.8, 18.2)

18.0 (17.2, 18.9)

Household income

p = 0.007

p < 0.001

 High

1

1

36.6 (35.6, 37.5)

38.7 (37.6, 39.8)

 Average

0.97 (0.84, 1.12)

1.33^b (1.10, 1.61)

50.1 (49.2, 51.1)

35.6 (34.5, 36.7)

 Low

1.28^a (1.06, 1.56)

1.91^c(1.55,2.36)

13.3 (12.7, 14.0)

25.7 (24.7, 26.6)

Somatic morbidity

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 No

1

1

43.8 (42.8, 44.7)

47.9 (46.8, 49.1)

 Yes

2.17^c(1.88, 2.49)

1.79^c (1.52,2.10)

56.2 (55.3, 57.2)

52.1 (50.9, 53.2)

Limitation derived from somatic morbidity

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 No

1

1

86.9 (86.3, 87.6)

89.5 (88.8, 90.2)

 Yes

2.50^c (2.15, 2.91)

3.18^c (2.61,3.88)

13.1 (12.4, 13.7)

10.5 (9.8, 11.2)

Prevalence of Total Mental Health Problems

2006

2011

2006

2011

Age

p = 0.201

p = 0.069

 16–34

1

1

40.1 (39.2, 41.0)

35.6 (34.5, 36.7)

 35–49

1.03 (0.90, 1.18)

1.24^a (1.03, 1.49)

34.8 (33.9, 35.7)

36.8 (35.8, 37.9)

 50–64

0.91 (0.78, 1.07)

1.17 (0.95, 1.44)

25.1 (24.2, 25.9)

27.5 (26.5, 28.5)

Educational level

p < 0.001

p = 0.568

 Higher/university

1

1

26.9 (26.0, 27.7)

27.2 (26.1, 28.2)

 Others

1.36^c (1.20, 1.55)

1.05 (0.89, 1.25)

73.1 (72.3, 74.0)

72.8 (71.8, 73.9)

Marital status

p < 0.001

p = 0.015

 Single

1

1

32.6 (31.7, 33.5)

34.9 (33.8, 36.0)

 Married

0.92 (0.81, 1.05)

0.85 (0.71, 1.01)

59.3 (58.3, 60.2)

55.6 (54.4, 56.7)

 Divorced/separated

1.30^a (1.03, 1.64)

1.13 (0.86, 1.48)

5.5 (5.0, 5.9)

6.7 (6.2, 7.3)

 Widowed

1.45^a(1.07, 1.98)

1.25 (0.86, 1.82)

2.7 (2.4, 3.0)

2.8 (2.4, 3.2)

Social support

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 High

1

1

97.0 (96.7, 97.3)

96.6 (96.2, 97.0)

 Low

4.31^c(3.34, 5.56)

3.41 (2.51, 4.63)

3.0 (2.7, 3.3)

3.4 (3.0, 3.8)

Employment status

p < 0.001

p = 0.001

 Employed

1

1

52.3 (51.3, 53.3)

51.2 (50.0, 52.3)

 Unemployed

1.38^c (1.17, 1.63)

1.44^c(1.19,1.74)

10.1 (9.6, 10.7)

16.1 (15.3, 17.0)

 Other activity

1.05 (0.94, 1.18)

1.12 (0.95, 1.32)

37.6 (36.6, 38.5)

32.7 (31.6, 33.7)

Household income

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 High

1

1

32.2 (31.3, 33.1)

35.1 (34.0, 36.2)

 Average

1.24^b (1.09, 1.40)

1.30^b(1.10, 1.55)

52.1 (51.1, 53.0)

35.4 (34.4, 36.5)

 Low

1.83^c (1.56, 2.15)

1.61^c(1.33,1.94)

15.7 (15.0, 16.4)

29.5 (28.4, 30.5)

Somatic morbidity

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 No

1

1

31.9 (31.0, 32.8)

37.8 (36.7, 38.9)

 Yes

2.06^c (1.81, 2.33)

2.18^c (1.85,2.56)

68.1 (67.2, 69.0)

62.2 (61.1, 63.3)

Limitation derived from somatic morbidity

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

 No

1

1

84.7 (84.0, 85.4)

85.8 (85.0, 86.6)

 Yes

2.07^c (1.82, 2.35)

2.53^c (2.14,3.00)

15.3 (14.6, 16.0)

14.2 (13.4, 15.0)