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Table 1 Description of cohorts reported in the included articles

From: Retention strategies in longitudinal cohort studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Sample

Reference

Study Name

Wave 1 Sample Size

Wave 1 Mean Age

Overall Retention Rate

No. Waves

Study Duration (years)

No. Retention Strategies

Clinical cohort studies

 Adolescent and adult non-injecting heroin users

[32]

Project Brown

300

16–40

98%

2

1.00

9

 Adolescent/young adult cancer patients

[33]

Resilience in Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer Study

52

17.6

35%

3

1.50

4

 Adolescent/Young Adult mobile young injection drug users

[34]

 

101

22

48%

6

2.00

9

 Adolescents and young adults with Type 1 Diabetes

[35]

Young Adult Diabetes Assessment (YADA)

204

17–18

97%

3

5.00

18

 Adult asthmatic pregnant women

[36]

Syracuse AUDIT (Assessment of Urban Dwellings for Indoor Toxics)

103

25.4

86%

5

1.00

9

 Adult cannabis users

[37]

 

193

32

84%

90

0.25

3

 Adult entitlement claimants from the Accident Compensation Corporation

[38]

Prospective Outcomes of Injury Study (POIS)

2856

18–64

79%

4

2.00

4

 Adult major trauma patients

[39]

Victorian State Trauma Registry

1102

40

70%

2

0.50

3

 Adult myocardial infarction survivors

[40]

Western New York Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) Study

884

54

90%

4

7.00

2

 Adult parents of overweight children with low-income

[41]

 

37

20–50+

46%

26

1.00

14

 Adult Puerto Rican/Mexicans with a mental health diagnosis

[42]

 

68

18–50

59%

3

5.00

20

 Adult smokers and non-smoker comparisons

[43]

International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey

6001

18–55+

68%

3

3.00

7

 Adult spinal surgery patients

[44]

Danish spine surgery registry (Danespine)

506

58.94

100%

3

1.00

1

 Adult survivors of ARDS

[45]

Toronto Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Study

109

86%

3

5.00

18

 Adult survivors of SARS

[45]

Toronto Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Study

117

91%

2

2.00

17

 Adults with diabetes

[46]

Living with Diabetes Study

3951

61.4

81%

3

3.00

15

 Adult women at-risk of cardiovascular events

[47]

PREDICT Study

1110

21+

90%

9

2.00

12

 Adult women at-risk of HIV infection

[48]

 

411

21

94%

2

1.00

4

 Adult women breast cancer survivors

[49]

 

121

59.7

96%

2

1.00

3

 Adult women with HIV/AIDS

[50]

Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC) Cohort of Women Living with HIV/ AIDS followed up in Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Rio de Janeiro

225

32

56%

3

3.00

2

 Adults at first-episode psychosis

[51]

 

71

18–60

70%

3

5.00

1

 Adults at-risk for HIV infection

[52]

 

2191

18–49

77%

2

1.00

4

 Adults at-risk of problem gambling plus comparison group

[53]

Quinte Longitudinal Study

4121

46.1

94%

5

5.00

1

 Adults who self-harm

[54]

 

150

28.4

95%

3

6.00

4

 Adults who use urinary catheters

[55]

 

33

43

100%

4

0.50

2

 Adults with acute transient ischemic attack or stroke

[56]

Oxford Vascular Study

1236

75.2

98%

7

10.00

3

 Adults with Alzheimers Disease

[57]

REAL.FR study

686

77.9

59%

2

2.00

3

 Adults with Alzheimers Disease (AD) and their carers

[58]

 

40

78

81%

5

1.00

16

 Adults with Alzheimers Disease or Mild Cognitive Impairment and comparison

[59]

Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing (AIBL)

1112

69.7

90%

2

1.50

3

 Adults with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH)

[60]

Family Caregiver study

59

52

83%

4

1.00

5

 Adults with back pain

[61]

 

250

30–59

68%

14

7.00

3

 Adults with primary malignant brain tumour (PMBT) and their caregivers

[60]

20-Hete Study

496

53.12

90%

3

1.00

3

 Adults with primary Sjögren’s syndrome

[62]

 

222

52.5

70%

2

7.60

2

 Adults with schizophrenia and comparison group

[63]

 

56

21

89%

2

2.00

1

 Adults with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

[64]

PariS-TBI study

504

42

60%

2

4.00

6

 Adults with temporomandibular disorders

[65]

Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA) Study

3263

31

84%

11

2.80

5

 Adults with traumatic brain injury

[66]

Tasmanian Neurotrauma Register (TNTR)

947

36.1

19%

7

3.00

5

 Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury

[67]

 

77

67.1

57%

3

0.50

1

 Adult burn victims

[68]

Burns Registry of Australia and New Zealand

463

41.8

21%

5

2.00

4

 Caregivers of adult cancer patients

[69]

 

206

57

85%

3

1.10

1

 Child twins and their siblings

[70]

Australian Twin ADHD Project (ATAP)

1938

4–12

43%

3

9.00

3

 Children at-risk of HIV infection

[71]

AIDS-ill families study

3515

13.5

97%

2

1.00

9

 Children at-risk of thyroid cancer and comparison group

[72]

 

600

11

88%

2

8.00

9

 Children exposed to Cocaine/opiate and comparison

[73]

Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS)

13,888

0.1

76%

5

15.00

16

 Children perinatally infected with HIV and comparison

[74]

IMPAACT P1055 Psychiatric Co-Morbidity Study

582

12.4

81%

2

2.00

3

 Children who were former child soldiers

[75]

 

260

10–17

69%

3

6.00

3

 Children with ADHD and a sibling for comparison

[26]

International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study

459

11.4

76%

2

6.00

1

 Children with ADHD and comparisons

[76]

Berkeley Girls with ADHD Longitudinal Study (BGALS)

228

9.6

95%

3

10.00

2

 Female adolescent/young adult survivors of a mass campus shooting

[77]

 

812

19

81%

7

2.50

1

 Infants at-risk of developing diabetes

[78]

The Environmental Determinants of Diabetets in the Young (TEDDY) study

4138

0.4

74%

3

1.00

1

 Male sex workers

[79]

 

50

17–26+

34%

2

0.50

4

 Men who have Sex with Men

[25]

Bangkok Men who have Sex with Men Cohort Study (BMCS)

1744

26

90%

10

3.00

3

 Men who have Sex with Men

[80]

 

2607

22.7

22%

2

0.25

2

 Men who have Sex with Men

[81]

 

710

18–54

74%

2

1.00

5

 Men who have Sex with Men

[82]

 

1003

28

70%

8

2.60

1

 Men who have Sex with Men

[83]

 

511

29

55%

3

0.75

5

 Men who have Sex with Men

[84]

 

278

32

16%

3

1.00

5

 Men who have Sex with Men

[85]

 

327

30.8

92%

3

1.00

1

 Population at-risk for HIV infection

[86]

 

1000

13–49

77%

5

2.50

3

Non-clinical cohort studies

 Adolescent mother-child dyads

[87]

 

97

14–20

38%

3

4.00

9

 Adolescent population

[88]

Danish Youth Cohort

12,498

13.4

25%

3

2.00

1

 Adolescent population

[89]

Dating It Safe

964

16.1

86%

2

1.00

1

 Adolescent population

[90]

Healthy Teens Longitudinal Study

611

14.8

66%

7

6.00

1

 Adolescent population

[91]

International Youth Development Study (IYDS)

1858

13

98%

3

2.00

4

 Adolescent population

[92]

TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS)

2773

11.1

79%

4

8.00

1

 Adolescent population

[93]

Youth Asset Study (YAS)

1117

12–17

97%

5

4.00

32

 Adolescent population

[94]

 

1535

14.9

57%

2

1.00

1

 Adolescent population

[95]

 

497

13.03

86%

6

6.00

1

 Adolescent/Young adult twins

[96]

Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS)

1252

17

93%

4

12.00

1

 Adult African American population

[97]

Religion and Health in African Americans (RHIAA) study

2803

54.86

40%

2

2.50

16

 Adult African American women

[98]

Study of Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids (SELF)

1696

23–34

87%

2

1.67

3

 Adult Alaska Native and American  Indian population

[99]

Education and Research Towards Health (EARTH) study

3828

18–55+

88%

2

1.50

18

 Adult low income mothers

[100]

Welfare Client Longitudinal Study (WCLS)

498

18–35+

89%

2

1.00

11

 Adult male population

[101]

Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study (FAMAS)

1195

55

96%

2

1.00

14

 Adult mother-child dyads

[102]

 

4318

0.2

84%

5

1.00

3

 Adult mother-child dyads

[103]

 

365

13.7

64%

2

1.00

4

 Adult officeworkers

[104]

 

53

42

100%

26

1.00

1

 Adult online panel members

[105]

ATTEMPT Cohort

2009

47.9

52%

5

1.00

3

 Adult online panel members

[106]

 

202

33.8

47%

3

0.00

1

 Adult population

[107]

Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow-up

3481

18–65+

53%

3

23.00

1

 Adult population

[108]

Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study

3722

30–64

79%

3

4.00

12

 Adult population

[109]

Heart Strategies Concentrating on Risk Evaluation (Heart SCORE) study

1841

59.1

84%

5

4.00

11

 Adult population

[110]

Helsinki Aging Study (HAS)

170

80

42%

2

5.00

3

 Adult population

[111]

Knee Clinical Assessment Study (CAS(K))

819

50–80+

95%

2

1.50

3

 Adult population

[112]

Longitudinal Assessment of Women (LAW)

511

64.7

96%

5

5.00

16

 Adult population

[113]

Midlife in the United States (MIDUS)

7108

25–74

75%

2

10.00

4

 Adult population

[114]

MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD)

3163

60–64

84%

2

9.00

2

 Adult population

[115]

Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS-2)

18–64

18+

80%

2

3.00

9

 Adult population

[116]

Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)

2981

39.9

87%

2

2.00

10

 Adult population

[117]

New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study

6518

48

62%

4

3.00

12

 Adult population

[118]

NutriNet-Santé Cohort Study

15,000

18+

44%

2

2.00

8

 Adult population

[119]

People’s Republic of China-United States of America (PRC-USA) Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology

1739

57.7

94%

3

5.00

1

 Adult population

[120]

Quinte Longitudinal Study (QLS)

4121

18–65+

94%

5

5.00

1

 Adult population

[121]

Study of health in Pomerania (SHIP)

6267

20–79

84%

2

5.00

10

 Adult population

[122]

Study of Use of Products and Exposure-Related Behavior (SUPERB)

481

36

47%

9

3.00

3

 Adult population

[123]

 

700

48.8

71%

4

2.00

2

 Adult pregnant women

[124]

Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS)

585

26.6

90%

2

1.33

6

 Adult pregnant women

[125]

G-GrippeNet (GGNET) Project

153

34

78%

10

0.20

2

 Adult pregnant women

[126]

Maternal Anxiety in Relation to Infant Development (MARI) Study

306

28

90%

7

2.00

2

 Adult pregnant women

[127]

Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP)

6753

24.3

88%

6

27.00

5

 Adult pregnant women

[128]

Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study

262

30

70%

2

2.00

5

 Adult pregnant women

[129]

 

118

31.6

72%

4

1.00

1

 Adult pregnant women

[130]

 

40,333

30.3

65%

2

0.75

1

 Adult pregnant women

[131]

 

1040

18–34+

71%

3

1.10

1

 Adult premenopausal women

[132]

Uterine Fibroid Study (UFS)

1141

35–49

85%

3

8.00

5

 Adult South Asians living in US

[133]

Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study

906

40–84

48%

2

0.75

6

 Adult veterans

[134]

 

1319

33

79%

2

1.00

4

 Adult women

[135]

Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

14,247

18–23

77%

4

4.00

8

 Adult women

[136]

Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

40,395

18–75

80%

2

6.00

5

 Adult women

[137]

Manitoba Breast Screening Program

47,637

50–68

80%

2

2.50

5

 Adult women

[138]

 

1435

40–50

72%

3

3.00

13

 Adult women

[139]

 

48,125

38

91%

2

12.00

5

 Adult women hoping to become pregnant

[140]

 

30

29.4

43%

4

1.50

2

 Adult/Young Adult Probationers

[141]

 

199

17–35

52%

5

15.00

7

 Birth cohort

[142]

Australian Aboriginal Birth Cohort study

686

0

72%

3

18.00

31

 Birth cohort

[143]

Birth to Twenty (BT20) birth cohort

3273

0

70%

19

16.00

16

 Birth cohort

[144]

Danish National Birth Cohort

61,895

0

63%

2

7.00

1

 Birth cohort

[145]

ECAGE Project (Study of Food Intake and Eating Behavior of Pregnant Women)

462

0

94%

3

0.65

2

 Birth cohort

[146]

Environments for Healthy Living (EHL)

3368

0

65%

2

5.50

7

 Birth cohort

[147]

Geographic research on wellbeing (GROW) study

9256

7

33%

2

7.00

9

 Birth cohort

[148]

Growing up in New Zealand

6846

0

95%

2

0.75

23

 Birth cohort

[149]

Japan Children’s Study (JCS)

467

0.3

81%

6

3.50

13

 Birth cohort

[150]

Nascita e INFanzia gli Effetti dell’Ambiente (NINFEA) cohort

7003

0

78%

4

4.00

6

 Birth cohort

[151]

 

413

0

95%

2

0.50

1

 Birth cohort

[152]

 

1196

0

46%

5

30.00

1

 Birth cohort of children from Lesbian parents

[153]

US National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study (NLLFS)

154

0

93%

5

17.00

1

 Child African-American population and their parents

[154]

 

76

3.4

70%

2

3.50

18

 Child monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins

[155]

University of Southern California Study of Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior (USC RFAB)

1569

9

59%

5

8.00

10

 Child population

[156]

Danish youth cohort Vestliv

3054

14.5

64%

3

6.00

1

 Child population

[157]

Ho Chi Minh City Youth Cohort

759

11.8

77%

5

5.00

4

 Child population

[158]

 

405

11

91%

4

4.00

17

 Indigenous adolescents

[159]

 

671

11.3

79%

8

8.00

7

 Mother-child dyads

[160]

Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia 2 (COHRA2) Study

744

28.4

79%

2

2.50

1

 Older adults

[161]

Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS)

5888

73

46%

2

7.00

2

 Older adults

[162]

Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS)

16,020

65+

56%

3

2.00

1

 Older adults

[163]

Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA)

3107

70

32%

6

17.00

6

 Older adults

[164]

New England Centenarian Study (NECS)

759

97+

86%

2

3.50

1

 Older adults

[165]

Newcastle 85+ Study

854

85+

40%

4

5.00

11

 Older adults

[166]

Physiological Research to Improve Sleep and Memory Project

78.2

70+

83%

3

2.00

24

 Older adults

[167]

UAB Study of Aging

1000

65+

95%

2

4.00

16

 Population during political turmoil

[168]

 

889

36

89%

2

0.50

1

 Population during political turmoil

[169]

 

1022

33.9

85%

2

6.00

7

 Young adult women population

[170]

Chlamydia Incidence and Re-infection Rates Study (CIRIS)

1116

21

79%

3

1.00

13

Overall Mean (Std Dev)

3459 (8979)

24.7 (23.5)

73.9% (20.1%)

4.6 (8.0)

4.5 (5.1)

6.2 (6.2)