Prognostic models for intracerebral hemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis

Gregório, Tiago; Pipa, Sara; Cavaleiro, Pedro; Atanásio, Gabriel; Albuquerque, Inês; Chaves, Paulo Castro; Azevedo, Luís

doi:10.1186/s12874-018-0613-8

BMC Medical Research Methodology

Table 1 Summary description of prognostic tools

From: Prognostic models for intracerebral hemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis

Author	Year	Population	Tool	Timing	Variables	AUC (SE)
Mortality prediction tools
Alsina [24]	2014	Supratentorial ICH not submitted to surgery	Equation	30 days	IVH, hematoma size, and midline shift.	0·933 (0·029)
Berwaerts [41]	2000	Oral anticoagulant related ICH	Equation	Discharge	Hematoma diameter and CT signs of ischemia.	–
Bhatia [65]	2013	Primary ICH	Equation	Discharge	GCS, hematoma size, IVH,and ventilatory requirement.	0·822 (0·033)
Broderick [44]	1993	Spontaneous ICH	Equation	30 days	GCS, hematoma size.	0·805 (0·036)
Broderick´ [44]	1993	Spontaneous ICH	Equation	30 days	Hematoma size, IVH volume, GCS, and surgery.	–
Celik [68]	2014	Spontaneous ICH	ANN	10 days	Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, mean blood pressure, Scandinavian Stroke Scale score, pulse pressure, localization of hemorrhage (including infratentorial), volume of hemorrhage, ventricular drainage, and midline shift.	–
Cerillo [21]	1981	Operated supratentorial ICH	Equation	Discharge	Age, mode of onset, site of hemorrhage, level of consciousness, time from onset to surgery, congestive heart failure/coronary artery disease, and diabetes/uremia.	0·893 (0·033)
Chen [45]	2011	Nontraumatic ICH	Score	Discharge	GCS, hematoma volume, IVH, and diabetes.	0·867 (0·027)
Chiu [61]	2016	Spontaneous ICH	CART+SVM	30 days	GCS, hematoma size.	–
Chuang [63]	2009	Spontaneous ICH	Score	30 days	Age, GCS, hypertension, glucose and dialysis dependency.	0·890 (0·026)
Edwards [28]	1999	Supratentorial ICH	ANN	Discharge	Gender, race, hydrocephalus, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, GCS, IVH, hematoma size, location (thalamic, basal, lobal), cisternal effacement, pineal shift, hypertension, diabetes, and age.	0·984 (0·020)
Edwards´ [28]	1999	Supratentorial ICH	Equation	Discharge	Hydrocephalus, GCS, gender, pineal shift	0·919 (0·043)
Fogelholm [31]	1997	Supratentorial ICH	Equation	28 days	Consciousness, mean arterial pressure, subarachnoid spread, midline shift, glucose, and vomiting.	–
Frithz [12]	1976	ICH patients < 70 years	Decision tree	Discharge	Consciousness, diastolic blood pressure.	0·943 (0·024)
Galbois [38]	2013	Spontaneous comatose ICH not submitted to surgery	Score	ICU stay	Brainstem reflexes, swirl sign.	0·850 (0·050)
Galbois´ [38]	2013	Spontaneous comatose ICH not submitted to surgery	Score	ICU stay	Corneal reflexes, swirl sign.	0·840 (0·051)
Grellier [66]	1983	Spontaneous ICH	Score	2 days	Age, gender, consciousness (normal, changed, coma), CV risk factors (alcohol, tobacco, hypertension, dyslipidemia, CV disease), and ICH location (infratentorial, thalamic, internal capsule, oval center, lobar).	–
Hallevi [34]	2009	Primary ICH with IVH	Score	Discharge	GCS, total volume (ICH + IVH).	0·840^a
Hemphill [48]	2001	Nontraumatic ICH	Score	30 days	Age, ICH volume, infratentorial ICH, GCS, and IVH.	0·920 (0·020)
Ho [64]	2016	Primary ICH	Score	Discharge	Age, creatinine, NIHSS, heart disease, gender, and systolic blood pressure.	0·870 (0·018)
Huang [40]	2008	Spontaneous medically treated ICH in hemodialysis patients	Score	30 days	GCS, age, and systolic blood pressure.	0·745 (0·048)
Li [50]	2012	Spontaneous ICH	Equation	Discharge	Age, GCS, glucose, and white blood cell count.	0·923 (0·020)
Li´ [49]	2011	Primary ICH	Score	Discharge	Age, Glucose, LDH, and white blood cell count.	0·745 (0·025)
Lukic [33]	2012	Primary supratentorial medically treated ICH	Equation	Discharge	Level of consciousness, GCS verbal response, age, gender, and pulse pressure.	0·856 (0·018)
Lukic´ [26]	2012	Spontaneous supratentorial ICH	ANN	Discharge	Age, gender, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure, GCS (E/V/M), and consciousness.	0·883 (0.048)
Lukic´´ [26]	2012	Spontaneous supratentorial ICH	Equation	Discharge	GCS, level of consciousness.	0·819 (0·030)
Masé [27]	1995	Primary supratentorial medically treated ICH	Equation	30 days	GCS, IVH spread, and hematoma size.	–
Parry-Jones [53]	2013	Spontaneous ICH	Equation	30 days	Age, GCS, IVH extension, and hematoma volume.	0·897 (0·010)
Peng [54]	2010	Spontaneous ICH	Random Forrest	30 days	Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, previous stroke, anemia, dialysis dependency, GCS, systolic/diastolic/mean blood pressure, infratentorial bleed, site of ICH, ICH volume, IVH, pineal shift, hydrocephalus, hemoglobin, and glucose.	0·870 (0·015)
Peng´ [54]	2010	Spontaneous ICH	ANN	30 days	Age, gender, GCS, site of ICH, ICH volume, IVH, hypertension, diabetes, anemia, and previous stroke.	0·810 (0·020)
Peng´´ [54]	2010	Spontaneous ICH	SVM	30 days	Age, gender, GCS, site, ICH volume, IVH, hypertension, diabetes, anemia, and previous stroke.	0·790 (0·020)
Peng´´´ [54]	2010	Spontaneous ICH	Equation	30 days	Anemia, age, GCS, hypertension, and dialysis dependency.	0·780 (0·020)
Romano [56]	2009	Primary ICH	Score	30 days	GCS, hematoma volume, and intraventricular spread.	0·915 (0·026)
Ruiz-Sandoval [58]	2007	Primary ICH	Score	Discharge	Age, infratentorial bleed, ICH size, GCS, and IVH spread.	0·880 (0·017)
Safatli [60]	2016	Primary ICH	Score	30 days	GCS, infratentorial bleed, and hematoma volume.	–
Szepesi [32]	2015	Supratentorial ICH	Equation	30 days	Age, hematoma volume, IVH, systolic blood pressure, glucose, and potassium.	–
Tabak [59]	2007	Spontaneous ICH	Equation	Discharge	Age, creatinine, glucose, pH, CO2, O2, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, platelets, white blood cells, cancer, temperature, pulse, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and altered mental status.	0·890 (0·003)
Takahashi [67]	2006	Spontaneous ICH	CART	Discharge	Japan Coma Scale, ICH volume, and age.	0·853 (0·024)
Takahashi´ [67]	2006	Spontaneous ICH	Equation	Discharge	Japan Coma Scale, temperature, infratentorial bleed, and ICH volume.	0·810 (0·033)
Tshikwela [36]	2012	Black hypertensive primary ICH	Score	Discharge	GCS, ICH volume, left hemisphere involved.	–
Tshikwela´ [36]	2012	Black hypertensive primary ICH	Score	Discharge	Gender, GCS, midline shift.	–
Tuhrim [23]	1999	Primary supratentorial ICH managed medically	Equation	30 days	GCS, ICH volume, pulse pressure, hydrocephalus, and IVH volume.	–
Tuhrim´ [30]	1991	Supratentorial ICH	Equation	30 days	Hematoma size, IVH, GCS, pulse pressure, and IVH^aGCS interaction.	0·900 (0·027)
Tuhrim´´ [29]	1988	Supratentorial hemorrhage	Equation	30 days	GCS score, hematoma size, and pulse pressure.	0·892 (0·042)
Ziai [35]	2015	Primary ICH with IVH	Score	Discharge	Temperature, glucose, intracranial pressure, and Do-Not-Resuscitate orders	0·850 (0·030)
Zis [39]	2014	Non-operated primary ICH	Score	30 days	GCS, ICH size, INR, IVH spread, and infratentorial location.	0·920 (0·023)
Functional outcome prediction tools
Appelboom [10]	2012	AVM related ICH	Score	3 months	Age, IVH, infratentorial bleed, GCS, and hematoma size.	0·914 (0·039)
Creutzfeld [47]	2011	Primary ICH	Equation	Discharge	Age, GCS, heart rate, mass effect, IVH, premorbid level of function, and systolic blood pressure.	0·930 (0·014)
Flemming [18]	2001	Lobar primary supratentorial ICH	Tree based model	Discharge	GCS, septum pellucidum shift.	0·890 (0·045)
Flemming´ [18]	2001	Lobar primary supratentorial ICH	Tree based model	Discharge	ICH size, GCS, and time to presentation.	0·921 (0·032)
Hallevy [25]	2002	Primary supratentorial medically treated ICH	Score	Discharge	Age, limb paresis, level of consciousness, mass effect, hematoma size, and intraventricular extension.	0·897 (0·023)
Ji [51]	2013	Spontaneous ICH	Score	1 year	Age, NIHSS, GCS, glucose, infratentorial bleed, ICH volume, and IVH.	0·836 (0·009)
Lisk [22]	1994	Primary supratentorial < 24 h	Equation	Discharge or 30 days	Age, GCS, hemorrhage volume, and gender.	–
Lisk´ [22]	1994	Primary supratentorial < 24 h, GCS > 9, no surgery	Equation	Discharge or 30 days	Age, hemorrhage diameter, and ventricular extension.	–
Neidert [11]	2016	AVM related ICH	Score	Unclear	Age, GCS, hematoma size, IVH, AVM size, diffuse nidus, eloquence, and deep venous drainage.	0·842 (0·046)
Misra [15]	1999	Primary putaminal ICH	Equation	3 months	GCS, pupillary change, incontinence, and location of hematoma (cortical, subcortical, medial or lateral).	–
Mittal [52]	2011	Primary ICH	Score	Discharge	Age, infratentorial, ICH size, GCS, cognitive impairment, and FOUR score.	–
Portenoy [20]	1987	Nontraumatic supratentorial spontaneous ICH	Equation	Unclear	GCS, ICH size (index), and IVH spread.	–
Poungvarin [55]	2006	Primary ICH	Equation	Discharge	Fever, ICH size > 30, GCS, and IVH spread.	–
Rost [57]	2008	Primary ICH	Score	3 months	Age, GCS, hematoma size, location (infratentorial/deep/lobar), and cognitive impairment.	0·879 (0·017)
Shah [17]	2005	Thalamic hemorrhage	Equation	3 months	Posterolateral ICH extension, Canadian Neurological Scale.	–
Shaya [19]	2005	Hypertensive supratentorial ICH	Score	6 months	Focal neurological deficit, hydrocephalus, ICH volume	–
Weimar [42]	2009	Patients included in ICH trials	Equation	3 months	Age, NIHSS, and level of consciousness.	0·805 (0·020)
Weimar´ [37]	2006	Non-comatose ICH patients	Equation	100 days	Age, NIHSS.	0·861 (0·029)
Weimar´´ [43]	2006	Spontaneous ICH	Score	100 days	Age, NIHSS, and level of consciousness.	0·913 (0·018)
Combined outcome prediction tools
Cheung [46]	2003	Nontraumatic ICH	Score	30 days	IVH, subarachnoid extension, pulse pressure, NIHSS, and temperature.	–
Cheung [46]	2003	Nontraumatic ICH	Score	30 days		–
Cheung´ [46]	2003	Nontraumatic ICH	Score	30 days	Age, IVH, infratentorial bleed, NIHSS, and hematoma size.	–
Cheung´ [46]	2003	Nontraumatic ICH	Score	30 days	Age, IVH, infratentorial bleed, NIHSS, and hematoma size.	–
Cho [14]	2008	Basal ganglia hemorrhage	Score	6 months	GCS, ICH volume, and IVH.	0·897 (0·033)^b
Cho [14]	2008	Basal ganglia hemorrhage	Score	6 months	GCS, ICH volume, and IVH.	Barthel 0·884^a GOS 0·935^ac
Godoy [62]	2006	Primary ICH	Score	30 days^b	Age, GCS, Graeb score, ICH volume, and APACHE2 score comorbidities.	0·878 (0·028)^b
Godoy [62]	2006	Primary ICH	Score	6 months^c		0.893 (0·025)^c
Godoy´ [62]	2006	Primary ICH	Score	30 days^b	Age, GCS, Graeb score, ICH volume, and APACHE2 score comorbidities.	0·869 (0·029)^b
Godoy´ [62]	2006	Primary ICH	Score	6 months^c		0·895 (0·024)^c
Lei [13]	2016	Cerebral amyloid related ICH	Score	3 months	Age, IVH, midline shift, and GCS.	0·890 (0·038)^b
Lei [13]	2016	Cerebral amyloid related ICH	Score	3 months	Age, IVH, midline shift, and GCS.	0·810 (0·031)^c
Stein [16]	2010	Supratentorial deep ICH with secondary IVH	Score	30 days^b	Age, GCS, hydrocephalus, and ICH volume	0·890 (0.036)^b
Stein [16]	2010	Supratentorial deep ICH with secondary IVH	Score	6 months^c	Age, GCS, hydrocephalus, and ICH volume	0·848 (0·056)^c

SE standard error, ICH intracerebral hemorrhage, IVH intraventricular hemorrhage, CT computerized tomography, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, ANN artificial neural networks, CART classification and regression tree, SVM support vector machine, ICU intensive care unit, CV cardiovascular, NIHSS National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, INR International normalized ratio, AVM arteriovenous malformation, GOS Glasgow Outcome Score
^aC-statistics were reported but standard errors were not reported, nor were the number of outcomes
^bMortality
^cFunctional outcome

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