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Table 2 Parameter values used in different simulation scenarios. The following parameters remained fixed across all scenarios: α0 = 0.3, β0 = 17.480, β2 = 1.335, β3 = 0.493, β4 = 14.007, σ2 = 10.0

From: Assessing causal treatment effect estimation when using large observational datasets

Scenario

Parameter Value

Strength of IV

 α1

0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0

Strength of Confounding

 α2

0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8

 β5

0.0, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0

Causal Treatment Effect

 β1

0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0

Direct Effect

 β6

0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0