Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample along with comparisons in HRFS

Gender

F(1, 2464) = 49.28, p < .001, η²_p = .020

F(1, 2464) = 19.94, p < .001, η²_p = .008

 Female

4.41^a (1.40)

3.42^a (1.61)

 Male

4.01^b (1.49)

3.13^b (1.65)

Age groups (years)

F(2, 2463) = 7.32, p = .001, η²_p = .006

F(2, 2463) = 24.97, p < .001, η²_p = .020

  ≤ 39

4.07^a (1.47)

2.97^a (1.62)

 40–59

4.30^b (1.45)

3.39^b (1.61)

  ≥ 60

4.32^b (1.43)

3.52^b (1.62)

Education

F(3, 2453) = 7.80, p < .001, η²_p = .009

F(3, 2453) = 18.48, p < .001, η²_p = .022

  ≥ 9 years

4.21^a (1.41)

3.55^a (1.64)

 10 years

4.30^a (1.50)

3.26^b (1.61)

  ≤ 11 years

4.22^a (1.36)

3.06^c (1.58)

 Pupil/Student

3.51^b (1.73)

2.38^d (1.75)

 Missing

Family

F(5, 2451) = 3.78, p = .002, η²_p = .008

F(5, 2451) = 4.71, p < .001, η²_p = .010

 Married

4.25^a (1.42)

3.27^a (1.63)

 Separated

4.36^a (1.57)

3.55^a (1.58)

 Single

4.02^b (1.48)

3.11^a (1.67)

 Divorced

4.34^a (1.49)

3.32^a (1.53)

 Widowed

4.38^a (1.45)

3.70^b (1.68)

 Committed Relationship

4.37^a (1.38)

3.30^a (1.61)

 Missing

Employment

F(3, 2443) = 6.95, p < .001, η²_p = .008

F(3, 2443) = 16.78, p < .001, η²_p = .020

 Working

4.23^a (1.45)

3.18^a (1.60)

 Retired

4.36^a (1.43)

3.60^b (1.64)

 School/Apprenticeship

3.83^b (1.53)

2.77^c (1.67)

 Not working

4.21^a (1.44)

3.45^b (1.61)

 Missing