Table 1 The absolute deviation for four imputation methods
From: The ability of different imputation methods for missing values in mental measurement questionnaires
Missingness proportion | Imputation methods | Absolute deviation for SAQ | Absolute deviation for ADL | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | SD (SD) | Correlation coefficient (SD) | Mean (SD) | SD (SD) | Correlation coefficient (SD) | ||
5% | Direct deletion | 0.583 (0.195) | 0.153 (0.123) | 0.028 (0.014) | 0.218 (0.161) | 0.144 (0.115) | 0.022 (0.010) |
Mode | 0.034 (0.021) | 0.230 (0.026) | 0.004 (0.002) | 0.492 (0.026) | 0.425 (0.039) | 0.002 (0.001) | |
HD | 0.020 (0.015) | 0.025 (0.019) | 0.004 (0.002) | 0.016 (0.011) | 0.011 (0.008) | 0.001 (0.001) | |
MI | 0.019 (0.013) | 0.028 (0.020) | 0.003 (0.002) | 0.012 (0.010) | 0.019 (0.014) | 0.001 (0.001) | |
10% | Direct deletion | 1.080 (0.324) | 0.226 (0.176) | 0.050 (0.024) | 0.417 (0.299) | 0.294 (0.214) | 0.041 (0.017) |
Mode | 0.065 (0.034) | 0.463 (0.038) | 0.006 (0.003) | 0.999 (0.036) | 0.856 (0.052) | 0.004 (0.001) | |
HD | 0.032 (0.024) | 0.050 (0.035) | 0.006 (0.003) | 0.045 (0.021) | 0.019 (0.014) | 0.002 (0.001) | |
MI | 0.028 (0.022) | 0.070 (0.055) | 0.006 (0.003) | 0.020 (0.013) | 0.030 (0.024) | 0.002 (0.001) | |
15% | Direct deletion | 1.453 (0.506) | 0.353 (0.285) | 0.074 (0.034) | 0.721 (0.532) | 0.507 (0.339) | 0.059 (0.026) |
Mode | 0.101 (0.060) | 0.697 (0.044) | 0.008 (0.004) | 1.511 (0.044) | 1.290 (0.060) | 0.005 (0.002) | |
HD | 0.041 (0.030) | 0.091 (0.042) | 0.009 (0.004) | 0.106 (0.027) | 0.028 (0.022) | 0.003 (0.001) | |
MI | 0.036 (0.033) | 0.151 (0.202) | 0.008 (0.003) | 0.023 (0.016) | 0.049 (0.036) | 0.003 (0.002) | |
20% | Direct deletion | 1.586 (0.690) | 0.436 (0.325) | 0.097 (0.046) | 0.972 (0.658) | 0.751 (0.525) | 0.080 (0.034) |
Mode | 0.141 (0.084) | 0.925 (0.047) | 0.009 (0.004) | 2.019 (0.047) | 1.717 (0.059) | 0.007 (0.002) | |
HD | 0.050 (0.033) | 0.161 (0.057) | 0.012 (0.005) | 0.182 (0.036) | 0.024 (0.019) | 0.004 (0.002) | |
MI | 0.048 (0.031) | 0.287 (0.253) | 0.010 (0.004) | 0.024 (0.018) | 0.067 (0.044) | 0.005 (0.002) | |