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Table 3 Comparison of participants who participated in both waves with new participants in Wave 2

From: Non-participation and attrition in a longitudinal study of civilians exposed to the January 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, France

 

Total wave 2

N = 141

New participants

N = 18

Wave 1 & 2 N = 123

p-value*

N/m

%/sd

N/m

%/sd

N/m

%/sd

Socio-demographics

 Female Gender

82

58.2

8

44.4

75

61.0

0.183

 Age at time of the attack:

mean, sd

42.9

12.9

39.1

12.0

43.5

12.9

0.205

min-max

21–79

21–60

23–79

 

 Educational Level < high-school diploma

41

29.3

8

44.4

33

27.0

0.130

 Unemployed at Wave 2

37

26.2

5

27.8

32

26.0

0.999

 Living alone at Wave 2

46

32.6

7

38.9

39

31.7

0.594

 Non-French origin

8

5.7

3

16.7

5

4.1

0.065

Terror exposure

 Event location outside of Paris (vs Paris)

39

27.7

8

44.4

31

25.2

0.088

 Geographic exposure:

Less than 10 m

20

14.2

6

33.3

14

11.4

NA

Very close, next room

46

32.6

5

27.8

41

33.3

Neighbouring building

62

44.0

7

38.9

55

44.7

Elsewhere

13

9.2

0

0

13

10.6

 Objective exposure:

Directly threatened

44

31.2

8

44.4

36

29.3

NA

Indirectly threatened

60

42.6

5

27.8

55

44.7

Close relative of victims

11

7.8

0

0

11

8.9

Witness

26

18.4

5

27.8

21

17.1

 Perceived terror exposure (mean 0–10)

6.3

2.9

5.9

2.7

6.4

3.0

0.378

Sheehan disability scale in Wave 2

 Work (impact ≥4)

69

48.9

7

38.9

62

50.4

0.452

 Social life (impact ≥4)

67

47.5

8

44.4

59

48.0

0.806

 Family life, home responsibilities (impact ≥4)

53

37.6

6

33.3

47

38.2

0.798

Medical/psychological support

 No regular psychological support or follow-up since the event

60

42.6

13

72.2

47

38.2

0.010

 Dissatisfaction with psychological support from professionals since the events

56

40.0

8

47.1

48

39.0

0.526

Social support

 Feeling alone in 2015

28

19.9

8

44.4

20

16.3

0.005

 Feeling alone in 2016

34

24.1

7

38.9

27

22.0

0.117

 No perceived moral/emotional support in 2015

5

3.5

4

22.2

1

0.8

0.001

 No perceived moral/emotional support in 2016

6

4.3

2

11.1

4

3.3

0.169

 No perceived financial/material support in 2015

30

21.3

4

22.2

26

21.1

0.999

 No perceived financial/material support in 2016

28

19.9

4

22.2

24

19.5

0.757

 No perceived support in everyday life 2015

18

12.8

4

22.2

14

11.4

0.249

 No perceived support in everyday life 2016

17

12.1

3

16.7

14

11.4

0.457

Physical and psychological health

 Deterioration of general health state

27

19.1

3

16.7

24

19.5

0.999

 Deterioration of psychological health state

28

19.9

2

11.1

26

21.1

0.527

 Having at least one health problem

135

95.7

17

94.4

118

95.9

0.627

Mental health at Wave 2

 PTSD (previous month)

21

15.0

3

17.6

18

14.6

0.721

 Major depressive disorder (last two weeks)

12

8.6

2

11.8

10

8.1

0.641

 Suicide risk (previous month)

57

40.7

4

23.5

53

43.1

0.187

 Anxiety disorders (at least one)

54

38.6

7

41.2

47

38.2

0.814

 Moderately/markedly/severely ill (CGI)

42

31.8

3

33.3

39

31.7

0.839

Involvement in November 2015 attacks

 Directly threatened or witness

9

6.4

0

0

9

7.3

NA

 Close relative of victims

16

11.3

2

11.1

14

11.4

0.999

  1. IMPACTS survey, France, 2015–2016
  2. N Number, m Mean, sd Standard deviation, NA Non available. P-value was the two-sided statistical significance level of the chi-square test for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. P-values in bold were lesser than 0.05)