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Table 3 Task factors

From: When piloting health services interventions, what predicts real world behaviours? A systematic concept mapping review

Factor

Definition

Association with consistency

Type of supporting data

High Stakes Rewards

The size of rewards/incentives being offered

When large incentives are available, risk aversion is higher for real life decisions than for hypothetical decisions

Review [60, 61]

Framing Effect

Whether the decision is framed in a way that is positive (i.e. gains) or negative (i.e. losses)

The framing effect may be larger for hypothetical decisions than for real life ones

Empirical [62]

Explicit Statements of Uncertainty of Outcomes

When estimates of the probability of the outcome are explicitly presented to the decision-maker

Providing statements about uncertainty increases consistency between hypothetical decisions and real life

Review [60]

Fundamental Attribution Error

Whether the decision is worded in a way that asks the decision-maker what they would do or asks what they think someone else should do

Presenting the hypothetical decision with the decision-maker as the actor (as opposed to an observer) increases consistency between hypothetical and real-world decisions

Empirical [63]

Personal Relevance

Whether the decision being made is one that involves people with whom the decision-maker has long-term relationships

Personal relevance of a problem is correlated with consistency between hypothetical and real decisions

Empirical [64]

Real Consequences

Whether the decision has real consequences for the decision-maker

Having real consequences makes hypothetical decisions more closely predict real-world ones

Review [37, 51, 52, 65,66,67]

Empirical [43, 47, 67,68,69]

Space for Mental Simulation

The degree to which the context of the decision is left to the imagination

Greater space for mental simulation associated with lower consistency

Empirical [18, 70]

Self-Image

Whether the decision relates to the decision-maker’s self-image (e.g. related to their ethical beliefs)

Decisions related to self-image show less consistency between hypothetical and real-world decisions

Review [51, 71]

Empirical [72]