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Table 1 Five sources of validity evidence from the Standards of Educational and Psychological Testing (2014)

From: Translation method is validity evidence for construct equivalence: analysis of secondary data routinely collected during translations of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ)

1.

Evidence based on test content

The relationship of the item themes, wording and format with the intended construct, including administration process.

2.

Evidence based on response processes

The cognitive processes and interpretation of items by respondents and users, as measured against the intended construct.

3.

Evidence based on internal structure

The extent to which item interrelationships conform to the intended construct.

4.

Evidence based on relations to other variables

The pattern of relationships of test scores to external variables as predicted by the intended construct.

5.

Evidence for validity and the consequences of testing

Intended and unintended consequences, as can be traced to a source of invalidity such as construct underrepresentation or construct-irrelevant variance.