Fig. 2
From: A novel framework for classification of selection processes in epidemiological research
Fundamental selection mechanisms occurring at exposure entry at the population-level, illustrated by causal diagrams with subscripts of the nodes indicating time. a. Unifactorial selection in exposure (E1) b. Unifactorial selection in population composition (boxed S1) c. Multifactorial selection in exposure (E1) d. Multifactorial selection in population composition (boxed S1, induced inverse association is marked with a dashed line)