Measurement | Psychological Safety Towards Team Leader | Psychological Safety Towards Other Team Members | Psychological Safety in Relation to Team as a Whole | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survey Results | Mean | s.d. | Mean | s.d. | Mean | s.d. |
6.789 | 1.867 | 6.469 | .986 | 5.987 | .876 | |
Total Observed Behaviours Displayed by: | Team Members | Team Leader | Team Members | Team Leader | Team Members | |
Voice Behaviours | 15 | 27 | 10 | 29 | 3 | |
Communicating opinions to others even if they disagree | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | ||
Asking questions | 5 | 3 | 5 | 10 | ||
Providing information | 5 | 10 | 5 | 2 | ||
Providing feedback | 3 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 1 | |
Providing help or solutions | 5 | 3 | ||||
Correcting others | 2 | 1 | ||||
Defensive Voice Behaviours | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | ||
Denying faults or blame others | 2 | |||||
Showing aggression | 1 | |||||
Evading confrontation by focusing only on positives | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||
Silence Behaviours | 3 | 2 | 5 | |||
Facial expression or body language indicates fear | ||||||
Facial expression or body language indicates disengagement | 3 | 2 | ||||
Closed body language | 2 | 3 | ||||
Supportive Behaviours | 10 | 19 | 7 | 17 | 1 | |
Sharing procedures, knowledge and experience | 4 | 2 | 8 | |||
Sharing future plans | 2 | 3 | 2 | |||
Active listening | ||||||
Use of inclusive language such as “we” | 8 | 5 | ||||
Agreeing/Responding positively or enthusiastically to input | 4 | 5 | ||||
Acknowledging achievements/ congratulating | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||
Delegating tasks | 6 | |||||
Unsupportive Behaviours | 3 | 4 | ||||
Interrupting | 3 | |||||
Discussions within small sub-groups | 4 | |||||
Reacting cold/ignoring a joke | ||||||
Learning or Improvement Oriented Behaviours | 5 | 5 | 2 | 15 | 2 | |
Reviewing own progress and performance | 2 | 7 | ||||
Asking for feedback | 2 | |||||
Asking for help or solutions | 1 | 3 | ||||
Asking for input from all meeting participants | 2 | 8 | 1 | |||
Informing the team about issues or mistakes related to patient safety or staff safety | 1 | |||||
Looking for improvement opportunities and speaking up with ideas | 2 | |||||
Acknowledging own mistake | ||||||
Familiarity Behaviours | 3 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 3 | |
Talking about personal, non-work matters | 1 | 6 | ||||
Laughing about a joke | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | |
Total Observed Behaviour | ||||||
Categories indicating high psychological safety: (voice behaviours, supportive behaviours, learning or improvement behaviour and familiarity behaviours) | 33 | 55 | 30 | 64 | 9 | |
Categories indicating lower psychological safety: (defensive voice behaviours, silence behaviours and unsupportive behaviours). | 5 | 5 | 9 | 1 | 5 |