Fig. 5

Proportion of samples collected from maternal and newborn participants by COVID status. a. Proportion of women in which maternal blood, placenta, umbilical cord blood, and breastmilk were collected, by COVID status. b. Proportion of women in which urine, stool, vaginal swabs, and rectal swabs were collected, by COVID status. c. Proportion of women in which saliva, sputum, nasal swabs, and oropharyngeal swabs were collected, by COVID status. d. Proportion of newborns in which blood urine and stool were collected by mother’s COVID status. e. Proportion of newborns in which nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and tracheal aspirate samples were collected by mother’s COVID status. COV19+ = mother positive for SARS-CoV-2 on RT-PCR of nasopharyngeal swab at any time during pregnancy; COV19- = mother negative for SARS-CoV-2 on RT-PCR of nasopharyngeal swab when tested for COVID-19 symptoms or as part of universal screening protocol. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. The number of maternal and newborn participants providing each sample type by COVID status is presented in Additional file 1, Tables S2 and S3, respectively