Table 3 Point and confidence-interval estimates for τ² and λ in fixed-effect (FE) and random-effects meta-analysis of the effect of low-dose dopamine on Day 1 urine output, compared with placebo or no therapy. The heterogeneity parameter is τ². L and U denote the lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence intervals

All 34 studies

FE

0

0.207

0.172

0.243

1.230

1.188

1.275

DL, QP

0.038

0.029

0.164

0.216

0.133

0.298

1.241

1.143

1.348

BJ

0.018

0.089

J

0.057

0.030

0.118

0.219

0.123

0.315

1.244

1.130

1.370

REML, PL

0.041

0.018

0.094

0.216

0.131

0.301

1.241

1.140

1.351

MP

0.067

0.220

0.118

0.322

1.246

1.125

1.380

HKSJ (DL)

0.216

0.116

0.315

1.241

1.123

1.371

HKSJ MP

0.220

0.114

0.326

1.246

1.120

1.386

SSW, SSW MP

0.210

0.061

0.359

1.234

1.063

1.432

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & FE

0

0.196

0.153

0.240

1.217

1.165

1.271

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & DL, QP

0.032

0.015

0.126

0.212

0.128

0.295

1.236

1.137

1.344

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & BJ

0.014

0.081

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & J

0.046

0.019

0.105

0.214

0.120

0.308

1.238

1.127

1.360

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & REML, PL

0.029

0.011

0.071

0.211

0.130

0.292

1.235

1.139

1.339

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & MP

0.043

0.213

0.121

0.306

1.238

1.129

1.357

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & HKSJ (DL)

0.212

0.119

0.304

1.236

1.126

1.356

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & HKSJ MP

0.213

0.118

0.309

1.238

1.125

1.362

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & SSW, SSW MP

0.209

0.079

0.338

1.232

1.082

1.402

10 studies in Other surgery

FE

0

0.273

0.206

0.339

1.314

1.229

1.404

DL, QP

0.093

0.064

0.984

0.291

0.070

0.511

1.337

1.073

1.667

BJ

0.030

0.528

J

0.146

0.054

0.611

0.303

0.038

0.567

1.353

1.039

1.764

REML, PL

0.161

0.038

0.672

0.305

0.029

0.582

1.357

1.029

1.789

MP

0.226

0.314

−0.005

0.633

1.369

0.995

1.884

HKSJ (DL)

0.291

−0.045

0.627

1.337

0.956

1.872

HKSJ MP

0.314

−0.054

0.682

1.369

0.947

1.979

SSW, SSW MP

0.270

−0.347

0.888

1.310

0.706

2.430

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & FE

0

0.244

0.164

0.324

1.277

1.178

1.383

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & DL, QP

0.088

0.034

0.895

0.275

0.050

0.501

1.317

1.051

1.650

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & BJ

0.026

0.518

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & J

0.128

0.041

0.568

0.285

0.025

0.544

1.329

1.025

1.724

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & REML, PL

0.091

0.020

0.473

0.276

0.048

0.505

1.318

1.049

1.656

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & MP

0.166

0.292

0.003

0.580

1.339

1.003

1.787

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & HKSJ (DL)

0.275

−0.032

0.582

1.317

0.969

1.790

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & HKSJ MP

0.292

−0.041

0.625

1.339

0.960

1.868

\(\hat {\lambda }^{\Delta }\) & SSW, SSW MP

0.271

−0.266

0.808

1.312

0.767

2.243