Fig. 3
Estimated lag patterns of the association between PM10 and all-cause mortality by different methods to adjust for seasonality and time-trend over 5000 samples of different simulation settings based on time-series data for Seoul, 2002–2013. a and b Low concurvity and Observable lag pattern 1. c and d Low concurvity and Observable lag pattern 2. e and f High concurvity and Observable lag pattern 1. g and h High concurvity and Observable lag pattern 2. Abbreviation: df, degrees of freedom; doy, day of the week; I(year), an indicator function of year throughout the study period; NCS, natural cubic spline; NCS(doy,10df), NCS of day of the year with 10df; NCS(month,5df), NCS of the order of month throughout the study period with 5df; NCS(t,10df/year), NCS of time throughout the study period with 10df per year; NCS(week,5df), NCS of the order of week throughout the study period with 5df; PM10, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm