Fig. 12

Differences between precise frequentist hypothesis testing and equivalence testing: Standard NHST for a sharp point null hypothesis H₀:θ=0 against its alternative H₁:θ≠0 (top left) or, in general, of H₀:θ=θ₀ against H₁:θ≠θ₀ (top right); TOST procedure for testing H₀:θ<δ_L orθ>δ_U (shown in red) against H₁:δ_L≤θ≤δ_U (shown in blue) (bottom left) or H₀:θ<θ₀−δ_L orθ>θ₀+δ_U (shown in red) against H₁:θ₀−δ_L≤θ≤θ₀+δ_U (shown in blue) (bottom right)