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Table 2 A: Results of the p-score and the population attributable fraction (PAF) on April 4, 2020, for the population older than 65 in Nembro, Italy, stratified by gender. The number of deaths was obtained from [26]. The death counts are not related to the size of the total population and estimates are therefore just approximations. The number of observed deaths until April 4, 2020, is 95 (\({{\varvec{O}}}_{{\varvec{m}}}\)) among men and 80 (\({{\varvec{O}}}_{{\varvec{f}}}\)) among women. B: Results of the z-score for the real Nembro population, and a population with the same mortality pattern but 100 times the size of the Nembro population

From: Quantifying and communicating the burden of COVID-19

A: Results of the p-score and the population attributable fraction (PAF)

Reference year

Expected deaths

RD

p-score (in %)

PAF (in %)

Men (\({E}_{m}\))

Women (\({E}_{f}\))

Men (\({O}_{m}-{E}_{m}\))

Women (\({O}_{f}-{E}_{f}\))

Men \(\frac{\left({O}_{m}-{E}_{m}\right) }{{E}_{m}}\)

Women \(\frac{\left({O}_{f}-{E}_{f}\right) }{{E}_{f}}\)

Men \(\frac{\left({O}_{m}-{E}_{m}\right) }{{O}_{m}}\)

Women \(\frac{\left({O}_{f}-{E}_{f}\right) }{{O}_{f}}\)

2016

16

14

79

66

493.8

471.4

83.2

82.5

2017

9

24

86

56

955.6

233.3

90.5

70.0

2018

13

24

82

56

630.8

233.3

86.3

70.0

2019

14

25

81

55

578.6

220.0

85.3

68.8

Mean

13

22

82

58

630.8

263.6

86.3

72.5

B: Results of the z-score

Reference year

Expected deaths (population size n)

RD (population size n \(\times\) 100)

z-score (population size n)

z-score (population size n \(\times\) 100)

Men (\({E}_{m}\))

Women (\({E}_{f}\))

Men (\({E}_{m}\))

Women (\({E}_{f}\))

Men \(\frac{\left({O}_{m}-{E}_{m}\right) }{\sqrt{{E}_{m}}}\)

Women \(\frac{\left({O}_{f}-{E}_{f}\right) }{\sqrt{{E}_{f}}}\)

Men \(\frac{\left({O}_{m}-{E}_{m}\right) }{\sqrt{{E}_{m}}}\)

Women \(\frac{\left({O}_{f}-{E}_{f}\right) }{\sqrt{{E}_{f}}}\)

2016

16

14

1600

1400

19.8

17.6

198

176

2017

9

24

900

2400

28.7

11.4

287

114

2018

13

24

1300

2400

22.7

11.4

227

114

2019

14

25

1400

2500

21.6

11.0

216

110

Mean

13

22

1300

2200

22.7

12.4

227

124