Fig. 2

Distributions of psi estimates across 1000 iterations using different g-estimation approaches under different data-generating mechanisms with λ = 5%. The lower and upper hinges correspond to the 25th and 75th percentile. The lower and upper whiskers extend from the hinge to the smallest and largest values no further than 1.5*IQR from the hinge, where IQR is the interquartile range. The median is represented by the line between the hinges, and the mean is represented by the diamond point symbol