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Table 1 General characteristics of studies and outcomes included in the review

From: Modelling of longitudinal data to predict cardiovascular disease risk: a methodological review

Model or study characteristic

Number of articles (%)

References

Number of patients

< 100

5 (6.3)

[15, 16, 21, 38, 58]

100–999

13 (16.5)

[14, 26, 43, 45, 57, 61, 62, 64, 82, 85, 89, 90, 92]

1000–9999

39 (49.4)

[17, 19, 23, 27, 28, 30,31,32,33,34,35, 37, 39,40,41,42, 44, 46, 47, 50, 53,54,55,56, 63, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 83, 86, 88, 91, 93]

10,000+

21 (26.6)

[18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 36, 49, 51, 52, 59, 60, 65, 67, 69, 72, 75, 77, 81, 84, 87]

Not reported

1 (1.3)

[80]

Number of time points

Median 2

1 (1.2)

[90]

3

27 (33.8)

[14,15,16, 20, 22, 24, 27,28,29, 31,32,33, 35, 36, 41, 53, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 69, 75, 78, 81, 86, 93]

≥3 (median, mean or maximum)

47 (58.8)

[17,18,19, 21, 23, 30, 34, 37,38,39, 42,43,44,45,46, 48,49,50,51,52, 54,55,56,57,58, 62, 63, 66, 68, 70,71,72,73,74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82,83,84,85, 87,88,89, 91, 92]

Not reported

5 (6.2)

[25, 26, 40, 47, 59]

Follow-up for longitudinal and survival length (years)

< 5

16 (20.0)

[14,15,16, 21, 28, 32, 40, 43, 47, 48, 51, 57,58,59, 81, 87]

5 to 10

17 (21.2)

[22, 24, 26, 27, 31, 38, 54, 55, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 72, 82, 84, 93]

10 to 20

29 (36.2)

[18, 25, 29, 30, 33,34,35, 37, 41, 44, 45, 49, 62, 63, 69, 71, 74, 76,77,78,79, 83, 85, 86, 88,89,90,91,92]

> 20

18 (22.5)

[17, 19, 20, 23, 36, 39, 42, 46, 50, 52, 53, 56, 66, 68, 70, 73, 75, 80]

Follow-up for longitudinal length (years)

< 5

24 (30.0)

[14,15,16, 21, 28, 32, 38, 40, 43, 47, 48, 51, 57,58,59,60,61, 64, 65, 67, 69, 71, 81, 87]

5 to 10

25 (31.2)

[22, 24, 26, 27, 31, 33,34,35, 49, 53,54,55,56, 62, 72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 82,83,84,85,86, 93]

10 to 20

23 (28.8)

[17,18,19,20, 25, 29, 30, 37, 41, 44, 45, 50, 63, 66, 70, 75, 77, 80, 88,89,90,91,92]

> 20

8 (10.0)

[23, 36, 39, 42, 46, 52, 68, 73]

Follow-up for survival length (years)

< 5

19 (23.8)

[21, 24, 28, 32, 40, 43, 47, 48, 51, 57,58,59,60,61, 64, 67, 77, 81, 87]

5 to 10

26 (32.5)

[19, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 38, 41, 49, 54, 55, 65, 68,69,70,71,72,73,74, 76, 82,83,84,85, 93]

10 to 20

23 (28.8)

[17, 18, 20, 25, 30, 36, 37, 39, 45, 56, 62, 63, 66, 75, 78,79,80, 86, 88,89,90,91,92]

> 20

4 (5.0)

[23, 42, 50, 53]

No survival analysis

8 (10.0)

[14,15,16, 22, 33, 44, 46, 52]

Time-period for start of data collection

1950s

2 (2.5)

[39, 80]

1960s

6 (7.5)

[36, 50, 53, 56, 73, 78]

1970s

5 (6.2)

[23, 42, 46, 66, 68]

1980s

20 (25.0)

[17, 20, 26, 35, 37, 41, 44, 49, 52, 55, 62, 71, 74, 75, 79, 82, 85, 86, 88, 91]

1990s

13 (16.2)

[18, 19, 27, 29, 30, 43, 45, 63, 70, 83, 89, 90, 92]

2000s

26 (32.5)

[15, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31,32,33,34, 38, 47, 48, 51, 59,60,61, 65, 67, 69, 72, 76, 77, 81, 84, 87, 93]

2010s

4 (5.0)

[14, 21, 58, 64]

Not reported

4 (5.0)

[16, 40, 54, 57]

Decade of publication

Prior to 2000

8 (10.0)

[26, 43, 53,54,55,56, 78, 80]

2000s

7 (8.8)

[15, 35, 49,50,51,52, 82]

2010s

63 (78.8)

[14, 16, 18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34, 36,37,38,39,40,41,42, 44,45,46,47,48, 57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68, 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77, 79, 81, 83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93]

2020

2 (2.5)

[17, 69]

Baseline Age - mean/median

< 40

5 (6.2)

[19, 26, 76, 77, 84]

40–49

12 (15.0)

[16, 33, 39, 41, 44, 46, 47, 54, 68, 72, 86, 91]

50–59

18 (22.5)

[14, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, 34, 43, 45, 50, 56, 59, 60, 64,65,66,67, 69]

60–69

17 (21.2)

[18, 21, 31, 32, 36,37,38, 40, 51, 57, 61, 63, 73, 79, 81, 92, 93]

70–79

7 (8.8)

[17, 48, 71, 74, 85, 89, 90]

> 80

2 (2.5)

[83, 87]

Not reported

19 (23.8)

[15, 22, 24, 27, 29, 35, 42, 49, 52, 53, 55, 58, 62, 70, 75, 78, 80, 82, 88]

Region of dataset

Asia

16 (20.0)

[21, 22, 25, 34, 38, 58, 60, 61, 65, 67, 69, 76, 77, 80, 84, 88]

Europe

22 (27.5)

[16, 20, 23, 24, 31, 36, 37, 39,40,41, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52, 57, 75, 86, 87, 90, 91]

International

3 (3.8)

[28, 32, 93]

Middle East

3 (3.8)

[14, 45, 53]

North America

33 (41.2)

[15, 17,18,19, 26, 29, 30, 33, 35, 42, 46, 48, 51, 54,55,56, 59, 62,63,64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 78, 79, 81,82,83, 85, 92]

Australia & New Zealand

3 (3.8)

[27, 72, 89]

Males (%)

< 40

7 (8.8)

[16, 24, 46, 57, 74, 83, 91]

40s

28 (35.0)

[14, 17,18,19, 25, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 40,41,42, 49, 52, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 79, 82, 87,88,89]

50s

7 (8.8)

[27, 43, 48, 77, 81, 84, 86]

60–99

20 (25.0)

[20, 21, 28, 32, 34, 37, 38, 44, 45, 47, 58,59,60,61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 76, 93]

All male

11 (13.8)

[23, 26, 39, 50, 53, 54, 56, 78, 85, 90, 92]

Not reported

7 (8.8)

[15, 22, 30, 51, 55, 72, 80]

Survival outcome type

Binary

5 (6.2)

[17, 27, 30, 31, 64]

Continuous

8 (10.0)

[14,15,16, 22, 33, 44, 46, 52]

Rate

4 (5.0)

[23, 26, 37, 79]

Time to event

63 (78.8)

[18,19,20,21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 34,35,36, 38,39,40,41,42,43, 45, 47,48,49,50,51, 53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63, 65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78, 80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93]

Longitudinal outcome type

Binary

3 (3.8)

[24, 30, 55]

Categorical

5 (6.2)

[20, 22, 65, 72, 73]

Continuous

69 (86.2)

[14,15,16,17,18,19, 21, 23, 25,26,27,28,29, 31,32,33, 35, 36, 38,39,40, 42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54, 56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64, 66,67,68,69,70,71, 74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93]

Ordinal

3 (3.8)

[34, 37, 41]

Survival analysis adjusted for age

Unadjusted

8 (10.0)

[21, 23, 30, 35, 57, 68, 86, 87]

Yes, Stratified

3 (3.8)

[22, 54, 80]

Yes, Baseline hazard

1 (1.2)

[39]

Yes, Covariate

61 (76.2)

[17,18,19,20, 24,25,26,27,28,29, 31, 32, 34, 36,37,38, 40,41,42,43, 45, 47,48,49,50,51, 53, 55, 56, 58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67, 69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79, 81,82,83,84,85, 88,89,90,91,92,93]

No survival analysis

7 (8.8)

[14,15,16, 33, 44, 46, 52]

Survival analysis adjusted for sex

Unadjusted

4 (5.0)

[21, 57, 58, 87]

Single sex

12 (15.0)

[23, 26, 39, 50, 53, 54, 56, 78, 85, 90,91,92]

Yes, separate models

9 (11.2)

[29, 30, 35, 42, 49, 75, 76, 82, 88]

Yes, stratified

3 (3.8)

[22, 68, 80]

Yes, covariate

45 (56.2)

[17,18,19,20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 36,37,38, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 51, 55, 59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67, 69,70,71,72,73,74, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 89, 93]

No survival analysis

7 (8.8)

[14,15,16, 33, 44, 46, 52]

Longitudinal Analysis adjusted for age

Unadjusted

30 (37.5)

[33, 44, 49, 57, 58, 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67, 69, 71,72,73,74,75, 78,79,80,81,82,83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 93]

Yes, covariate

17 (21.2)

[17, 18, 31, 46, 47, 52, 54, 59, 68, 70, 76, 77, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92]

No longitudinal analysis

33 (41.2)

[14,15,16, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30, 32, 34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56]

Longitudinal Analysis adjusted for sex

Unadjusted

28 (35.0)

[33, 44, 49, 57, 58, 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69, 71,72,73,74,75, 79,80,81,82,83, 87, 89, 93]

Single sex

6 (7.5)

[54, 78, 85, 90,91,92]

Yes, separate models

4 (5.0)

[52, 70, 76, 88]

Yes, covariate

9 (11.2)

[17, 18, 31, 46, 47, 59, 77, 84, 86]

No longitudinal analysis

33 (41.2)

[14,15,16, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30, 32, 34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56]

Disease area

Chronic kidney disease

1 (1.2)

[87]

Cushing’s disease

1 (1.2)

[16]

Cardiovascular disease

61 (76.2)

[14, 15, 17, 19,20,21,22,23, 26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42, 44, 45, 47,48,49,50,51,52, 54, 56,57,58, 60, 61, 64, 66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76, 78, 79, 81, 84,85,86, 88, 91,92,93]

Diabetes

1 (1.2)

[25]

Gout

1 (1.2)

[59]

Hypertension

1 (1.2)

[63]

Impaired sleep

1 (1.2)

[24]

Mortality

5 (6.2)

[43, 62, 82, 83, 89]

Systemic lupus erythematosus

1 (1.2)

[46]

Stroke

7 (8.8)

[18, 53, 55, 65, 77, 80, 90]

Primary Outcome

Acute coronary syndrome

4 (5.0)

[30, 36, 60, 81]

Atrial fibrillation

2 (2.5)

[25, 66]

Cardiovascular mortality

7 (8.8)

[32, 39, 49,50,51, 54, 73]

Cardiovascular Mortality/acute coronary syndrome/stroke

1 (1.2)

[93]

Cardiovascular disease

36 (45.0)

[17, 19, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47, 56, 58, 59, 64, 68,69,70,71,72, 74,75,76, 78, 79, 84,85,86, 88, 89, 91, 92]

Cardiovascular disease risk

8 (10.0)

[14,15,16, 22, 33, 44, 46, 52]

Cardiovascular disease/cancer/mortality

1 (1.2)

[40]

Cardiovascular disease/mortality

2 (2.5)

[21, 57]

Hospitalization/heart failure/cardiovascular mortality

1 (1.2)

[28]

Hypertension

1 (1.2)

[24]

Mortality

9 (11.2)

[43, 45, 48, 55, 61,62,63, 82, 83]

Stroke

8 (10.0)

[18, 53, 65, 67, 77, 80, 87, 90]

Population focus

Acute coronary syndrome

4 (5.0)

[21, 32, 45, 58]

Atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease

1 (1.2)

[87]

Chronic kidney disease

2 (2.5)

[43, 51]

Cushing’s disease

1 (1.2)

[16]

Cardiovascular disease

37 (46.2)

[15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 33,34,35, 38, 40, 42, 44, 48, 53, 56, 57, 60,61,62, 65,66,67,68,69,70,71, 74, 78, 79, 81,82,83, 85, 88]

Diabetes

3 (3.8)

[25, 64, 93]

General population

27 (33.8)

[14, 18, 22, 24, 30, 31, 36, 37, 39, 41, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 63, 72, 73, 75,76,77, 80, 84, 86, 90,91,92]

Gout

1 (1.2)

[59]

Heart failure

1 (1.2)

[28]

HIV

1 (1.2)

[47]

Systemic lupus erythematosus

1 (1.2)

[46]

Mental health

1 (1.2)

[89]