From: Modelling of longitudinal data to predict cardiovascular disease risk: a methodological review
Model or study characteristic | Number of articles (%) | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | < 100 | 5 (6.3) | |
100–999 | 13 (16.5) | ||
1000–9999 | 39 (49.4) | [17, 19, 23, 27, 28, 30,31,32,33,34,35, 37, 39,40,41,42, 44, 46, 47, 50, 53,54,55,56, 63, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 83, 86, 88, 91, 93] | |
10,000+ | 21 (26.6) | [18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 36, 49, 51, 52, 59, 60, 65, 67, 69, 72, 75, 77, 81, 84, 87] | |
Not reported | 1 (1.3) | [80] | |
Number of time points | Median 2 | 1 (1.2) | [90] |
3 | 27 (33.8) | [14,15,16, 20, 22, 24, 27,28,29, 31,32,33, 35, 36, 41, 53, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 69, 75, 78, 81, 86, 93] | |
≥3 (median, mean or maximum) | 47 (58.8) | [17,18,19, 21, 23, 30, 34, 37,38,39, 42,43,44,45,46, 48,49,50,51,52, 54,55,56,57,58, 62, 63, 66, 68, 70,71,72,73,74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82,83,84,85, 87,88,89, 91, 92] | |
Not reported | 5 (6.2) | ||
Follow-up for longitudinal and survival length (years) | < 5 | 16 (20.0) | [14,15,16, 21, 28, 32, 40, 43, 47, 48, 51, 57,58,59, 81, 87] |
5 to 10 | 17 (21.2) | [22, 24, 26, 27, 31, 38, 54, 55, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 72, 82, 84, 93] | |
10 to 20 | 29 (36.2) | [18, 25, 29, 30, 33,34,35, 37, 41, 44, 45, 49, 62, 63, 69, 71, 74, 76,77,78,79, 83, 85, 86, 88,89,90,91,92] | |
> 20 | 18 (22.5) | [17, 19, 20, 23, 36, 39, 42, 46, 50, 52, 53, 56, 66, 68, 70, 73, 75, 80] | |
Follow-up for longitudinal length (years) | < 5 | 24 (30.0) | [14,15,16, 21, 28, 32, 38, 40, 43, 47, 48, 51, 57,58,59,60,61, 64, 65, 67, 69, 71, 81, 87] |
5 to 10 | 25 (31.2) | [22, 24, 26, 27, 31, 33,34,35, 49, 53,54,55,56, 62, 72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 82,83,84,85,86, 93] | |
10 to 20 | 23 (28.8) | [17,18,19,20, 25, 29, 30, 37, 41, 44, 45, 50, 63, 66, 70, 75, 77, 80, 88,89,90,91,92] | |
> 20 | 8 (10.0) | ||
Follow-up for survival length (years) | < 5 | 19 (23.8) | [21, 24, 28, 32, 40, 43, 47, 48, 51, 57,58,59,60,61, 64, 67, 77, 81, 87] |
5 to 10 | 26 (32.5) | [19, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 38, 41, 49, 54, 55, 65, 68,69,70,71,72,73,74, 76, 82,83,84,85, 93] | |
10 to 20 | 23 (28.8) | [17, 18, 20, 25, 30, 36, 37, 39, 45, 56, 62, 63, 66, 75, 78,79,80, 86, 88,89,90,91,92] | |
> 20 | 4 (5.0) | ||
No survival analysis | 8 (10.0) | ||
Time-period for start of data collection | 1950s | 2 (2.5) | |
1960s | 6 (7.5) | ||
1970s | 5 (6.2) | ||
1980s | 20 (25.0) | [17, 20, 26, 35, 37, 41, 44, 49, 52, 55, 62, 71, 74, 75, 79, 82, 85, 86, 88, 91] | |
1990s | 13 (16.2) | ||
2000s | 26 (32.5) | [15, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31,32,33,34, 38, 47, 48, 51, 59,60,61, 65, 67, 69, 72, 76, 77, 81, 84, 87, 93] | |
2010s | 4 (5.0) | ||
Not reported | 4 (5.0) | ||
Decade of publication | Prior to 2000 | 8 (10.0) | |
2000s | 7 (8.8) | ||
2010s | 63 (78.8) | [14, 16, 18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34, 36,37,38,39,40,41,42, 44,45,46,47,48, 57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68, 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77, 79, 81, 83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93] | |
2020 | 2 (2.5) | ||
Baseline Age - mean/median | < 40 | 5 (6.2) | |
40–49 | 12 (15.0) | ||
50–59 | 18 (22.5) | [14, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, 34, 43, 45, 50, 56, 59, 60, 64,65,66,67, 69] | |
60–69 | 17 (21.2) | [18, 21, 31, 32, 36,37,38, 40, 51, 57, 61, 63, 73, 79, 81, 92, 93] | |
70–79 | 7 (8.8) | ||
> 80 | 2 (2.5) | ||
Not reported | 19 (23.8) | [15, 22, 24, 27, 29, 35, 42, 49, 52, 53, 55, 58, 62, 70, 75, 78, 80, 82, 88] | |
Region of dataset | Asia | 16 (20.0) | [21, 22, 25, 34, 38, 58, 60, 61, 65, 67, 69, 76, 77, 80, 84, 88] |
Europe | 22 (27.5) | [16, 20, 23, 24, 31, 36, 37, 39,40,41, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52, 57, 75, 86, 87, 90, 91] | |
International | 3 (3.8) | ||
Middle East | 3 (3.8) | ||
North America | 33 (41.2) | [15, 17,18,19, 26, 29, 30, 33, 35, 42, 46, 48, 51, 54,55,56, 59, 62,63,64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 78, 79, 81,82,83, 85, 92] | |
Australia & New Zealand | 3 (3.8) | ||
Males (%) | < 40 | 7 (8.8) | |
40s | 28 (35.0) | [14, 17,18,19, 25, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 40,41,42, 49, 52, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 79, 82, 87,88,89] | |
50s | 7 (8.8) | ||
60–99 | 20 (25.0) | [20, 21, 28, 32, 34, 37, 38, 44, 45, 47, 58,59,60,61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 76, 93] | |
All male | 11 (13.8) | ||
Not reported | 7 (8.8) | ||
Survival outcome type | Binary | 5 (6.2) | |
Continuous | 8 (10.0) | ||
Rate | 4 (5.0) | ||
Time to event | 63 (78.8) | [18,19,20,21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 34,35,36, 38,39,40,41,42,43, 45, 47,48,49,50,51, 53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63, 65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78, 80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93] | |
Longitudinal outcome type | Binary | 3 (3.8) | |
Categorical | 5 (6.2) | ||
Continuous | 69 (86.2) | [14,15,16,17,18,19, 21, 23, 25,26,27,28,29, 31,32,33, 35, 36, 38,39,40, 42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54, 56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64, 66,67,68,69,70,71, 74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93] | |
Ordinal | 3 (3.8) | ||
Survival analysis adjusted for age | Unadjusted | 8 (10.0) | |
Yes, Stratified | 3 (3.8) | ||
Yes, Baseline hazard | 1 (1.2) | [39] | |
Yes, Covariate | 61 (76.2) | [17,18,19,20, 24,25,26,27,28,29, 31, 32, 34, 36,37,38, 40,41,42,43, 45, 47,48,49,50,51, 53, 55, 56, 58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67, 69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79, 81,82,83,84,85, 88,89,90,91,92,93] | |
No survival analysis | 7 (8.8) | ||
Survival analysis adjusted for sex | Unadjusted | 4 (5.0) | |
Single sex | 12 (15.0) | ||
Yes, separate models | 9 (11.2) | ||
Yes, stratified | 3 (3.8) | ||
Yes, covariate | 45 (56.2) | [17,18,19,20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 36,37,38, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 51, 55, 59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67, 69,70,71,72,73,74, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 89, 93] | |
No survival analysis | 7 (8.8) | ||
Longitudinal Analysis adjusted for age | Unadjusted | 30 (37.5) | [33, 44, 49, 57, 58, 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67, 69, 71,72,73,74,75, 78,79,80,81,82,83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 93] |
Yes, covariate | 17 (21.2) | [17, 18, 31, 46, 47, 52, 54, 59, 68, 70, 76, 77, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92] | |
No longitudinal analysis | 33 (41.2) | [14,15,16, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30, 32, 34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56] | |
Longitudinal Analysis adjusted for sex | Unadjusted | 28 (35.0) | [33, 44, 49, 57, 58, 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69, 71,72,73,74,75, 79,80,81,82,83, 87, 89, 93] |
Single sex | 6 (7.5) | ||
Yes, separate models | 4 (5.0) | ||
Yes, covariate | 9 (11.2) | ||
No longitudinal analysis | 33 (41.2) | [14,15,16, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30, 32, 34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56] | |
Disease area | Chronic kidney disease | 1 (1.2) | [87] |
Cushing’s disease | 1 (1.2) | [16] | |
Cardiovascular disease | 61 (76.2) | [14, 15, 17, 19,20,21,22,23, 26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42, 44, 45, 47,48,49,50,51,52, 54, 56,57,58, 60, 61, 64, 66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76, 78, 79, 81, 84,85,86, 88, 91,92,93] | |
Diabetes | 1 (1.2) | [25] | |
Gout | 1 (1.2) | [59] | |
Hypertension | 1 (1.2) | [63] | |
Impaired sleep | 1 (1.2) | [24] | |
Mortality | 5 (6.2) | ||
Systemic lupus erythematosus | 1 (1.2) | [46] | |
Stroke | 7 (8.8) | ||
Primary Outcome | Acute coronary syndrome | 4 (5.0) | |
Atrial fibrillation | 2 (2.5) | ||
Cardiovascular mortality | 7 (8.8) | ||
Cardiovascular Mortality/acute coronary syndrome/stroke | 1 (1.2) | [93] | |
Cardiovascular disease | 36 (45.0) | [17, 19, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 47, 56, 58, 59, 64, 68,69,70,71,72, 74,75,76, 78, 79, 84,85,86, 88, 89, 91, 92] | |
Cardiovascular disease risk | 8 (10.0) | ||
Cardiovascular disease/cancer/mortality | 1 (1.2) | [40] | |
Cardiovascular disease/mortality | 2 (2.5) | ||
Hospitalization/heart failure/cardiovascular mortality | 1 (1.2) | [28] | |
Hypertension | 1 (1.2) | [24] | |
Mortality | 9 (11.2) | ||
Stroke | 8 (10.0) | ||
Population focus | Acute coronary syndrome | 4 (5.0) | |
Atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease | 1 (1.2) | [87] | |
Chronic kidney disease | 2 (2.5) | ||
Cushing’s disease | 1 (1.2) | [16] | |
Cardiovascular disease | 37 (46.2) | [15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 33,34,35, 38, 40, 42, 44, 48, 53, 56, 57, 60,61,62, 65,66,67,68,69,70,71, 74, 78, 79, 81,82,83, 85, 88] | |
Diabetes | 3 (3.8) | ||
General population | 27 (33.8) | [14, 18, 22, 24, 30, 31, 36, 37, 39, 41, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 63, 72, 73, 75,76,77, 80, 84, 86, 90,91,92] | |
Gout | 1 (1.2) | [59] | |
Heart failure | 1 (1.2) | [28] | |
HIV | 1 (1.2) | [47] | |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | 1 (1.2) | [46] | |
Mental health | 1 (1.2) | [89] |