Table 2 Summary of characteristics of studies included in the review by model type
From: Modelling of longitudinal data to predict cardiovascular disease risk: a methodological review
Model or study characteristic | No of papers n (%) | Simple statistical tests n (%) | Single modela n (%) | Two-stage modelb n (%) | Joint modelc n (%) | Complete case analysis n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | < 100 | 5 (6.3) | 2 (66.7) | 2 (5.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100.0) |
100–999 | 13 (16.5) | 1 (33.3) | 3 (7.5) | 6 (20.7) | 3 (37.5) | 11 (84.6) | |
1000–9999 | 39 (49.4) | 0 (0.0) | 24 (60.0) | 11 (37.9) | 4 (50.0) | 29 (74.4) | |
10,000+ | 21 (26.6) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (25.0) | 10 (34.5) | 1 (12.5) | 18 (85.7) | |
Not reported | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Number of time points | Median 2 | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) |
3 | 27 (33.8) | 3 (100.0) | 13 (32.5) | 9 (31.0) | 2 (25.0) | 21 (77.8) | |
≥3 (median, mean or maximum) | 47 (58.8) | 0 (0.0) | 23 (57.5) | 19 (65.5) | 5 (62.5) | 39 (83.0) | |
Not reported | 5 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100.0) | |
Follow-up for longitudinal and survival length (years) | < 5 | 16 (20.0) | 3 (100.0) | 8 (20.0) | 4 (13.8) | 1 (12.5) | 14 (87.5) |
5 to 10 | 17 (21.2) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (20.0) | 8 (27.6) | 1 (12.5) | 15 (88.2) | |
10 to 20 | 29 (36.2) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (30.0) | 11 (37.9) | 6 (75.0) | 23 (79.3) | |
> 20 | 18 (22.5) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (30.0) | 6 (20.7) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (72.2) | |
Follow-up for longitudinal length (years) | < 5 | 24 (30.0) | 3 (100.0) | 9 (22.5) | 11 (37.9) | 1 (12.5) | 21 (87.5) |
5 to 10 | 25 (31.2) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (32.5) | 10 (34.5) | 2 (25.0) | 23 (92.0) | |
10 to 20 | 23 (28.8) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (30.0) | 6 (20.7) | 5 (62.5) | 16 (69.6) | |
> 20 | 8 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (15.0) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (62.5) | |
Follow-up for survival length (years) | < 5 | 19 (23.8) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (22.5) | 9 (31.0) | 1 (12.5) | 16 (84.2) |
5 to 10 | 26 (32.5) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (30.0) | 13 (44.8) | 1 (12.5) | 23 (88.5) | |
10 to 20 | 23 (28.8) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (25.0) | 7 (24.1) | 6 (75.0) | 16 (69.6) | |
> 20 | 4 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (50.0) | |
No survival analysis | 8 (10.0) | 3 (100.0) | 5 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (100.0) | |
Time-period for start of data collection | 1950s | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (50.0) |
1960s | 6 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.0) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (100.0) | |
1970s | 5 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.5) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (60.0) | |
1980s | 20 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (25.0) | 7 (24.1) | 3 (37.5) | 16 (80.0) | |
1990s | 13 (16.2) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (17.5) | 3 (10.3) | 3 (37.5) | 9 (69.2) | |
2000s | 26 (32.5) | 1 (33.3) | 12 (30.0) | 11 (37.9) | 2 (25.0) | 22 (84.6) | |
2010s | 4 (5.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (2.5) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | |
Not reported | 4 (5.0) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (5.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | |
Decade of publication | Prior to 2000 | 8 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (15.0) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (100.0) |
2000s | 7 (8.8) | 1 (33.3) | 5 (12.5) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (85.7) | |
2010s | 63 (78.8) | 2 (66.7) | 28 (70.0) | 25 (86.2) | 8 (100.0) | 49 (77.8) | |
2020 | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) | |
Baseline Age - mean/median | < 40 | 5 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 3 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100.0) |
40–49 | 12 (15.0) | 1 (33.3) | 7 (17.5) | 2 (6.9) | 2 (25.0) | 8 (66.7) | |
50–59 | 18 (22.5) | 1 (33.3) | 10 (25.0) | 7 (24.1) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (72.2) | |
60–69 | 17 (21.2) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (22.5) | 6 (20.7) | 2 (25.0) | 14 (82.4) | |
70–79 | 7 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 3 (10.3) | 2 (25.0) | 6 (85.7) | |
> 80 | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.4) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (100.0) | |
Not reported | 19 (23.8) | 1 (33.3) | 10 (25.0) | 7 (24.1) | 1 (12.5) | 17 (89.5) | |
Data Region | Asia | 16 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.5) | 10 (34.5) | 1 (12.5) | 15 (93.8) |
Europe | 22 (27.5) | 1 (33.3) | 15 (37.5) | 2 (6.9) | 4 (50.0) | 14 (63.6) | |
International | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (66.7) | |
Middle East | 3 (3.8) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) | |
North America | 33 (41.2) | 1 (33.3) | 15 (37.5) | 16 (55.2) | 1 (12.5) | 29 (87.9) | |
Australia & NZ | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 1 (3.4) | 1 (12.5) | 3 (100.0) | |
Males (%) | < 40 | 7 (8.8) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (5.0) | 3 (10.3) | 1 (12.5) | 6 (85.7) |
40s | 28 (35.0) | 1 (33.3) | 14 (35.0) | 10 (34.5) | 3 (37.5) | 24 (85.7) | |
50s | 7 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (10.3) | 1 (12.5) | 6 (85.7) | |
60–99 | 20 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (25.0) | 9 (31.0) | 1 (12.5) | 16 (80.0) | |
All male | 11 (13.8) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (17.5) | 2 (6.9) | 2 (25.0) | 8 (72.7) | |
Not reported | 7 (8.8) | 1 (33.3) | 4 (10.0) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (71.4) | |
Survival outcome type | Binary | 5 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (60.0) |
Continuous | 8 (10.0) | 3 (100.0) | 5 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (100.0) | |
Rate | 4 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.5) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (75.0) | |
Time to event | 63 (78.8) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (70.0) | 27 (93.1) | 8 (100.0) | 51 (81.0) | |
Longitudinal outcome type | Binary | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) |
Categorical | 5 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 3 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (80.0) | |
Continuous | 69 (86.2) | 3 (100.0) | 32 (80.0) | 26 (89.7) | 8 (100.0) | 57 (82.6) | |
Ordinal | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) | |
Survival analysis adjusted for age | Unadjusted | 8 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.0) | 2 (6.9) | 2 (25.0) | 5 (62.5) |
Yes, Stratified | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | |
Yes, Baseline hazard | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Yes, Covariate | 61 (76.2) | 0 (0.0) | 29 (72.5) | 26 (89.7) | 6 (75.0) | 50 (82.0) | |
No survival analysis | 7 (8.8) | 3 (100.0) | 4 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (100.0) | |
Survival analysis adjusted for sex | Unadjusted | 4 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 2 (6.9) | 1 (12.5) | 4 (100.0) |
Single sex | 12 (15.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (17.5) | 2 (6.9) | 3 (37.5) | 8 (66.7) | |
Yes, separate models | 9 (11.2) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.5) | 3 (10.3) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (77.8) | |
Yes, stratified | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | |
Yes, covariate | 45 (56.2) | 0 (0.0) | 22 (55.0) | 20 (69.0) | 3 (37.5) | 36 (80.0) | |
No survival analysis | 7 (8.8) | 3 (100.0) | 4 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (100.0) | |
Longitudinal Analysis adjusted for age | Unadjusted | 30 (37.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.5) | 23 (79.3) | 4 (50.0) | 28 (93.3) |
Yes, covariate | 17 (21.2) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (17.5) | 6 (20.7) | 4 (50.0) | 13 (76.5) | |
No longitudinal analysis | 33 (41.2) | 3 (100.0) | 30 (75.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 24 (72.7) | |
Longitudinal Analysis adjusted for sex | Unadjusted | 28 (35.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.5) | 22 (75.9) | 3 (37.5) | 27 (96.4) |
Single sex | 6 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 2 (6.9) | 3 (37.5) | 4 (66.7) | |
Yes, separate models | 4 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 2 (6.9) | 1 (12.5) | 3 (75.0) | |
Yes, covariate | 9 (11.2) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.5) | 3 (10.3) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (77.8) | |
No longitudinal analysis | 33 (41.2) | 3 (100.0) | 30 (75.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 24 (72.7) | |
Disease area | Chronic kidney disease | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (100.0) |
Cushing’s disease | 1 (1.2) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Cardiovascular disease | 61 (76.2) | 2 (66.7) | 33 (82.5) | 21 (72.4) | 5 (62.5) | 47 (77.0) | |
Diabetes | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Gout | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Hypertension | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Impaired sleep | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Mortality | 5 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 3 (10.3) | 1 (12.5) | 5 (100.0) | |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Stroke | 7 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (10.3) | 1 (12.5) | 6 (85.7) | |
Primary Outcome | Acute coronary syndrome | 4 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (50.0) |
Atrial fibrillation | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) | |
Cardiovascular mortality | 7 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (15.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (57.1) | |
Cardiovascular mortality/acute coronary syndrome/stroke | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (100.0) | |
Cardiovascular disease | 36 (45.0) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (40.0) | 15 (51.7) | 5 (62.5) | 28 (77.8) | |
Cardiovascular disease risk | 8 (10.0) | 3 (100.0) | 5 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (100.0) | |
Cardiovascular disease/cancer/mortality | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Cardiovascular disease/mortality | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) | |
Hospitalization/heart failure/cardiovascular mortality | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Hypertension | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Mortality | 9 (11.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.0) | 5 (17.2) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (88.9) | |
Stroke | 8 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 4 (13.8) | 2 (25.0) | 7 (87.5) | |
Population focus | Acute coronary syndrome | 4 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.5) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (50.0) |
Atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (100.0) | |
Chronic kidney disease | 2 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (50.0) | |
Cushing’s disease | 1 (1.2) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Cardiovascular disease | 37 (46.2) | 1 (33.3) | 17 (42.5) | 18 (62.1) | 1 (12.5) | 32 (86.5) | |
Diabetes | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 1 (3.4) | 1 (12.5) | 3 (100.0) | |
General population | 27 (33.8) | 1 (33.3) | 14 (35.0) | 8 (27.6) | 4 (50.0) | 20 (74.1) | |
Gout | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Heart failure | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
HIV | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
Mental health | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (100.0) | |