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Fig. 16 | BMC Medical Research Methodology

Fig. 16

From: Analysis approaches to address treatment nonadherence in pragmatic trials with point-treatment settings: a simulation study

Fig. 16

Bias versus treatment effect in risk difference for 10 percent and 40 percent nonadherence using DAG 2. The naive and both-stages adjusted 2SLS and 2SRI share the same line as they produce the same amount of bias. The first-stage adjusted 2SLS and 2SRI methods also share the same line. The ITT and baseline-adjusted ITT produce high bias for 40 percent nonadherence so that the bias is out of the bound [-0.05, 0.05]. Abbreviations: ITT: intention-to-treat, PP: per-protocol, AT: as-treated, IP-weighted PP: inverse probability-weighted per-protocol, 2SLS: two-stage least square, 2SRI: two-stage residual inclusion

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