Fig. 24From: Analysis approaches to address treatment nonadherence in pragmatic trials with point-treatment settings: a simulation studyMean risk difference (RD) versus the nonadherence rate for DAG 3. Here, violation indicates the violation of the exclusion restriction assumption. The grey lines are the lower and upper bound of the NPCB method. The ITT and baseline-adjusted ITT; naive and both-stages adjusted 2SLS and 2SRI superimposed on each other. Abbreviations: RD: risk difference, ITT: intention-to-treat, PP: per-protocol, AT: as-treated, IP-weighted PP: inverse probability-weighted per-protocol, 2SLS: two-stage least square, 2SRI: two-stage residual inclusion, NPCB: nonparametric causal boundBack to article page