Fig. 29From: Analysis approaches to address treatment nonadherence in pragmatic trials with point-treatment settings: a simulation studyMean risk difference (RD) versus the nonadherence rate for Appendix DAG 1. The grey lines are the lower and upper bound of the NPCB method. Abbreviations: ITT: intention-to-treat, PP: per-protocol, AT: as-treated, 2SLS: two-stage least square, 2SRI: two-stage residual inclusion, NPCB: nonparametric causal boundBack to article page