Fig. 30From: Analysis approaches to address treatment nonadherence in pragmatic trials with point-treatment settings: a simulation studyBias versus the nonadherence rate using Appendix DAG 2. In both scenarios (small/large violation), the target treatment effect is assumed to be 0.05. The 2SLS and 2SRI share the same line as they produce the same amount of bias. Abbreviations: ITT: intention-to-treat, PP: per-protocol, AT: as-treated, 2SLS: two-stage least square, 2SRI: two-stage residual inclusionBack to article page