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Table 3 The interaction effect estimates between tinnitus and several additional variables. Confounding was adjusted for via both regression adjustment and IPTW, firstly when no moderator-confounder interactions were accounted for in the adjustment model and secondly when all possible moderator-confounder interactions were accounted for in the adjustment model

From: The impact of moderator by confounder interactions in the assessment of treatment effect modification: a simulation study

 

Regression adjustment

IPTW

No \({\varvec{M}}\times {\varvec{X}}\) interactions

All \({\varvec{M}}\times {\varvec{X}}\) interactions

No \({\varvec{M}}\times {\varvec{X}}\) interactions

All \({\varvec{M}}\times {\varvec{X}}\) interactions

Estimate

(95% CI)

Estimate

(95% CI)

Estimate

(95% CI)

Estimate

(95% CI)

Gender, female

2.56 (-0.80, 5.92)

2.86 (-0.52, 6.23)

2.60 (-0.84, 6.04)

2.37 (-1.07, 5.82)

White ethnicity

-0.92 (-10.13, 8.28)

-2.84 (-12.10, 6.43)

-2.84 (-12.97, 7.29)

-4.24 (-15.06, 6.57)

Current smoking

-3.72 (-7.95, 0.50)

-3.93 (-8.17, 0.31)

-3.62 (-7.86, 0.62)

-3.48 (-7.70, 0.74)