Fig. 1From: The effect of missing data and imputation on the detection of bias in cognitive testing using differential item functioning methodsSchematic showing the relationships modeled in the Multiple Indicators, Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model. Underlying cognition leads to cognitive test performance on each of the items included in the cognitive battery. Group can influence underlying cognition, which is also influenced by some error. The dashed arrow connecting group directly to Item 1 is the primary association of interest and represents bias, or the relationship between group and cognitive test item performance, holding underlying cognition constantBack to article page