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Table 3 Reference intervals of creatinine and urea established by direct and two indirect sampling techniques

From: Comparison of reference distributions acquired by direct and indirect sampling techniques: exemplified with the Pediatric Reference Interval in China (PRINCE) study

Age Groups

Transferred PRINCE

GMM Partitioned LIS

SOM Partitioned LIS

LL (90% CI)

UL (90% CI)

LL (90% CI)

UL (90% CI)

LL (90% CI)

UL (90% CI)

Creatinine (μmol/L)

1 to < 6 years

18.9 (17.9, 18.9)

39.5 (39.5, 40.4)

19.2 (19.1, 19.3)

41.6 (41.5, 41.8)

17.8 (17.6, 18.0)

39.8 (39.4, 40.2)

6 to < 12 years

30.1 (30.1, 30.1)

52.6 (51.6, 52.6)

28.1 (27.9, 28.3)

55.6 (55.4, 55.7)

27.2 (27.0, 27.7)

63.8 (62.6, 65.1)

12 to < 17 years boys

40.4 (39.5, 41.3)

87.2 (85.3, 89.1)

39.6 (38.9, 40.3)

78.7 (78.1, 79.7)

41.5 (40.8, 42.2)

87.6 (85.5, 88.7)

12 to < 17 years girls

35.7 (34.8, 37.6)

68.6 (67.6, 69.4)

34.0 (33.4, 34.6)

69.7 (69.1, 70.7)

48.0 (47.8, 48.2)

77.7 (76.7, 79.2)

Urea (mmol/L)

1 to < 17 years

2.62 (2.62, 2.62)

6.50 (6.50, 6.60)

2.53 (2.52, 2.55)

6.06 (6.05, 6.07)

2.54 (2.51, 2.56)

6.37 (6.31, 6.42)

  1. PRINCE Pediatric Reference Intervals in China, LIS Laboratory Information System, GMM Gaussian Mixture Model, SOM Self-Organizing Map, LL lower limit, UL upper limit, CI confidence interval