Fig. 4

Type 1 error rate and power of rejecting H₀₂ for continuous endpoints in the presence of linear, step-wise and inverted-U time trends (for λ₀=λ₂=0.1) with respect to the strength of the time trend in treatment arm 1 (λ₁) according to the model used (see “Methods” section) for scenarios presented in “Design” section. ALLTC-step refers to models using all treatment data and control and adjusting for time by a step function (see (1)), ALLTCI refers to models using all treatment data and control with interaction between time and treatment arm and adjusting for time by a step function (see (2)), and pooled and separate approaches refer to t-tests comparing treatment 2 to control using concurrent and non-concurrent control data, and concurrent control data only, respectively. Lines for ALLTCI-Step and the separate approach are overlapping